Prelims Test Series

Historical underpinnings from the Regulating Act 1773 to the Government of India Act 1935. Constituent Assembly, its committees and the making of the Constitution. Sources and borrowed features. Preamble and its amendability. Union and its territory, Articles 1 to 4, reorganisation of states. Citizenship, Articles 5 to 11, and the amendments of 1955, 1986, 2003, 2019. Fundamental Rights, Articles 12 to 35, with the leading cases. Directive Principles, Articles 36 to 51. Fundamental Duties. Amendment procedure under Article 368 and the basic structure doctrine. Schedules of the Constitution.

Union executive: President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Attorney General. Parliament: composition, sessions, devices of parliamentary proceedings, motions, legislative procedure, money bill against finance bill, parliamentary committees. Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Courts, subordinate judiciary, judicial review, judicial activism, public interest litigation, tribunals. State executive and legislature, the Governor and discretionary powers. Centre state relations, legislative, administrative and financial. Inter State Council, Zonal Councils, GST Council. Emergency provisions. Local government, the 73rd and 74th Amendments, PESA, urban local bodies. Constitutional bodies: Election Commission, UPSC, State PSCs, Finance Commission, CAG, Attorney General, National Commissions for SC, ST and Backward Classes. Non constitutional bodies: NITI Aayog, NHRC, CIC, CVC, Lokpal and Lokayuktas. Representation of the People Acts, electoral reforms, anti defection under the Tenth Schedule.

National income aggregates, methods of measurement, base year revision, GDP deflator, nominal against real. Inflation: CPI, WPI, core inflation, measurement issues, inflation targeting framework. Money supply M0 to M3, money multiplier, high powered money. Reserve Bank of India, Monetary Policy Committee, repo, reverse repo, standing deposit facility, marginal standing facility, CRR, SLR, open market operations, liquidity adjustment. Banking structure, scheduled and non scheduled, small finance and payments banks, cooperative banks. Non performing assets, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, prompt corrective action, asset reconstruction, priority sector lending, financial inclusion. Financial markets: SEBI, primary and secondary markets, derivatives, mutual funds, government securities, corporate bonds, credit rating. Public finance: budget documents, types of deficit, FRBM, direct and indirect taxation, GST architecture, Finance Commission devolution, cesses and surcharges.

Agriculture: minimum support price, procurement and public distribution, agricultural marketing, e NAM, farmer producer organisations, subsidies, credit, crop insurance, WTO Agreement on Agriculture and the peace clause. Industry: industrial policy, MSME definition and schemes, production linked incentives, Make in India, ease of doing business, industrial corridors. Services sector, information technology, tourism. Infrastructure: power sector reforms, renewable capacity, transport, PPP models, National Infrastructure Pipeline, PM Gati Shakti, National Monetisation Pipeline. Poverty and unemployment: types, measurement, Periodic Labour Force Survey, Multidimensional Poverty Index, inequality. Planning and NITI Aayog, Sustainable Development Goals. External sector: balance of payments, current and capital account, FDI and FPI, exchange rate systems, forex reserves, convertibility, external debt. International institutions: IMF, World Bank Group, WTO, ADB, AIIB, New Development Bank, FATF. Latest Union Budget and Economic Survey.

Geomorphology: interior of the earth, plate tectonics, continental drift, seafloor spreading, earthquakes and seismic waves, volcanism, rock cycle, weathering, fluvial, glacial, aeolian, karst and coastal landforms. Climatology: composition and structure of the atmosphere, insolation and heat budget, temperature distribution, pressure belts, planetary and local winds, jet streams, air masses and fronts, cyclones tropical and temperate, precipitation types, world climatic classification, El Nino, La Nina, Indian Ocean Dipole, Madden Julian Oscillation, Indian monsoon mechanism and variability. Oceanography: ocean relief, temperature and salinity, ocean currents, tides, waves, coral reefs and bleaching, marine resources. Soils of the world and India. Indian physiography: Himalayan system, Indo Gangetic plains, peninsular plateau, coastal plains, islands, drainage systems Himalayan and peninsular.

Mineral and energy resources, distribution in India and the world, conventional and non conventional. Agricultural geography, cropping patterns and seasons, agro climatic zones, green and other revolutions, irrigation. Industrial location theory, major industries and industrial regions in India and the world. Population: distribution, density, growth, demographic transition, census concepts, sex ratio, migration. Settlement patterns, urbanisation, million plus cities, smart cities. Transport and communication networks, corridors, ports, inland waterways. **Map component, approximately 20 questions:** rivers and tributaries, mountain ranges and peaks, passes, plateaus, lakes, national parks and sanctuaries by location, tiger reserves, straits, seas and gulfs, canals, countries and capitals in news, tribal regions, places in news over the preceding eighteen months.

Ecosystem structure and function, energy flow, food chains and webs, trophic levels, ecological pyramids, primary and secondary productivity, ecological efficiency. Biogeochemical cycles: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, water. Terrestrial and aquatic biomes, wetlands, mangroves, estuaries. Ecological succession. Biodiversity: genetic, species and ecosystem levels, measurement, hotspots, endemism, keystone, flagship, umbrella and indicator species. IUCN Red List categories and species in news. Protected area network: national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, conservation and community reserves, tiger and elephant reserves, Ramsar sites, important bird areas. Conservation projects and programmes. International conventions: CBD, Nagoya and Cartagena Protocols, CITES, CMS, Ramsar, UNCCD, Bonn Challenge. Invasive alien species, human wildlife conflict, wildlife trade.

Climate change science: greenhouse gases, global warming potential, radiative forcing, feedback loops, tipping points, IPCC assessment reports. International architecture: UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, nationally determined contributions, Article 6 and carbon markets, loss and damage, recent COP outcomes, Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment. India's climate action: National Action Plan on Climate Change and its missions, state action plans, net zero commitment, panchamrit, Mission LiFE, carbon credit trading scheme. Pollution: national ambient air quality standards, National Clean Air Programme, particulate matter, stubble burning, vehicular norms; water pollution, Namami Gange, eutrophication; soil, noise, thermal, radioactive and plastic pollution; extended producer responsibility, e waste, biomedical and solid waste rules. Environmental governance: Environment Protection Act 1986, Environmental Impact Assessment, Coastal Regulation Zone, Forest Conservation Act and 2023 amendment, Wildlife Protection Act, Biological Diversity Act, National Green Tribunal, CPCB and state boards. Renewable energy, energy transition, green hydrogen, biofuels. Disaster management framework, Sendai, NDMA, disaster types.

Applied physics in the news: waves and optics, lasers, semiconductors, superconductivity, quantum phenomena, sensors, LED and display technology. Space: launch vehicles and their classes, orbits and their uses, satellite systems, ISRO missions past and current, Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan, Aditya L1, planetary and astronomy missions, NavIC, space policy and private sector participation, space debris. Nuclear science: fission and fusion, reactor types, three stage nuclear programme, thorium, uranium enrichment, ITER, nuclear agreements and suppliers group, radioisotopes and applications. Defence technology: missile classes and systems, DRDO programmes, hypersonics, drones and counter drone systems, indigenisation and positive lists, defence corridors. Energy technology: battery chemistries, energy storage, fuel cells, solar photovoltaics. Materials: nanotechnology, graphene, rare earths, critical minerals, composites.

Cell biology, cell organelles, cell division. Genetics: DNA and RNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, mutation, Mendelian inheritance, genetic disorders. Biotechnology: recombinant DNA, polymerase chain reaction, gene sequencing, CRISPR and gene editing, gene therapy, stem cells, cloning, tissue culture, genetically modified crops and regulation, biofortification. Health: immunity, vaccine platforms and cold chain, communicable diseases, non communicable diseases, antimicrobial resistance, one health, drug development and clinical trials, CDSCO and drug regulation, national health programmes and schemes, Ayushman Bharat, medical devices. Intellectual property, biosafety, bioethics. Computing: artificial intelligence and machine learning, large language models, blockchain and distributed ledger, quantum computing and cryptography, 5G and 6G, internet of things, semiconductors and fabrication, cybersecurity and threats. Digital public infrastructure: Aadhaar, UPI, ONDC, Digital Personal Data Protection Act, data centres, telecom regulation. Robotics and automation.

Prehistoric cultures. Indus Valley Civilisation: extent, sites, town planning, economy, script, decline. Vedic period, early and later, polity, society, economy, literature. Mahajanapadas and the rise of Magadha. Heterodox sects: Jainism, Buddhism, Ajivikas, councils and schisms. Persian and Macedonian invasions. Mauryan empire, Ashoka, edicts, administration, decline. Post Mauryan: Sungas, Kanvas, Indo Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Satavahanas. Sangam age. Gupta empire and the classical age. Post Gupta: Vardhanas, tripartite struggle, Rajputs. South India: Chalukyas, Pallavas, Cholas, Rashtrakutas, Cheras, Pandyas, local government under the Cholas. Delhi Sultanate: five dynasties, administration, economy, Sultanate decline. Vijayanagara and Bahmani kingdoms. Mughal empire: Babur to Aurangzeb, Sher Shah and the Sur interregnum, mansabdari and jagirdari, land revenue systems, decline. Marathas: Shivaji, Peshwas, confederacy. Later regional states: Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad, Mysore, Punjab. Bhakti and Sufi movements.

Architecture: Harappan, stupa, chaitya and vihara, rock cut caves, temple styles Nagara, Dravida and Vesara with regional schools, cave and structural temples, Indo Islamic architecture and its provincial styles, Mughal architecture, colonial and modern architecture. Sculpture: Mauryan, Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravati schools, bronze sculpture, Chola bronzes. Painting: prehistoric, Ajanta, Ellora, Bagh, Mughal, Rajasthani and Pahari schools, Deccan, folk and tribal painting traditions, Company school, modern movements. Music: Hindustani and Carnatic traditions, ragas and talas, gharanas, instruments and their classification. Dance: eight classical forms and their features, folk and tribal dance. Theatre and puppetry. Literature: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, Tamil Sangam, medieval vernacular, Bhakti and Sufi literature. Philosophy: six orthodox schools and heterodox systems. Religion, festivals, fairs, calendars and eras. Handicrafts, textiles and geographical indication tags. UNESCO World Heritage sites, tangible and intangible, and the tentative list. Institutions: ASI, sites protection, museums.

European penetration and commercial rivalry. Battles of Plassey and Buxar, expansion of British power, subsidiary alliance, doctrine of lapse, Anglo Mysore, Anglo Maratha and Anglo Sikh wars. Economic impact: drain of wealth, deindustrialisation, commercialisation of agriculture, famines, land revenue systems permanent, ryotwari and mahalwari. Administrative and constitutional development, the Acts of 1773, 1784, 1813, 1833, 1853, 1858, 1861, 1892, 1909, 1919 and 1935. Early uprisings, tribal and peasant revolts, the Revolt of 1857. Socio religious reform movements across regions and communities. Rise of nationalism, formation of Indian National Congress, moderates and extremists, partition of Bengal and the Swadeshi movement, Surat split. Revolutionary nationalism in India and abroad. Home Rule movement, Lucknow Pact. Gandhian era: Champaran, Ahmedabad, Kheda, Rowlatt and Jallianwala Bagh, Khilafat and Non Cooperation, Swaraj Party, Simon Commission, Nehru Report, Civil Disobedience, Round Table Conferences, Poona Pact, Government of India Act 1935 and provincial ministries, Quit India. Left, peasant, tribal, labour, caste and women's movements. Muslim League, two nation theory, Cripps, Wavell, Cabinet Mission, Mountbatten Plan, partition and independence. Integration of princely states. Governors General and Viceroys with their associated measures. Personalities of the freedom struggle. Press, education and cultural nationalism.

Entire syllabus of Tests 1 to 4. Difficulty raised. Emphasis on statement based and matching formats, and on questions that require holding a constitutional provision and an economic institution together, for example the Finance Commission and fiscal federalism, or the GST Council as a constitutional body and as an economic mechanism.

Entire syllabus of Tests 5 to 8, with emphasis on the overlap where prelims actually asks: monsoon and climate change, soils and land degradation, ocean currents and coral bleaching, physiography and protected areas, resource distribution and energy transition.

Complete CSAT syllabus.Sat with GS Full Length III.

Entire syllabus of Tests 11 to 13. This is the largest single revision load in the series and is deliberately placed on a Sunday.

Entire syllabus of Tests 7 to 10, concentrating on the boundary that prelims favours: biotechnology and biodiversity, energy technology and climate policy, pollution science and control technology.

Central sector and centrally sponsored schemes with implementing ministry, target group and salient feature. Reports and indices with publishing body and India's standing. International and national organisations, their mandate, membership and headquarters. Places in news, domestic and international, with location. Awards, missions, summits and their venues. Committees and commissions of the preceding eighteen months.

Complete CSAT syllabus.Sat with GS Full Length IV.

Complete Prelims syllabus. See full length design.

Complete Prelims syllabus. See full length design.

Complete CSAT syllabus.Sat with GS Full Length V.

Complete Prelims syllabus. See full length design.

Complete Prelims syllabus. See full length design.

Complete CSAT syllabus.Sat with GS Full Length VI.

Complete Prelims syllabus. See full length design.

Complete Prelims syllabus. See full length design.

Complete CSAT syllabus.Sat with GS Full Length VII.

Complete Prelims syllabus. See full length design.