Practice questions

Prelims and Mains practice questions on the most important current affairs items of each digest, with answers and explanations.

1 to 14 September 2026

50 Prelims and 10 Mains questions, on the digest's most important items.

Prelims

Q1
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.A single year with global temperature more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels by itself breaches the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C goal.
2. 2.UNEP's Limiting Overshoot report projects that warming will peak at about 1.8°C even if every national climate plan and net zero target is delivered.
3. 3.India has joined the Global Methane Pledge.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)2 onlyAnswer
3. (c)1 and 3 only
4. (d)2 and 3 only
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Only statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is wrong because the 1.5°C goal refers to warming averaged over decades, and statement 3 is wrong because India has not joined the Global Methane Pledge.
From UNEP says breaching 1.5°C is now unavoidable and warming will peak near 1.8°C
Q2
With reference to the August 2026 disaster on the Bhote Koshi and Trishuli rivers, consider the following statements:
1. 1.It began when the natural dam of a glacial lake failed.
2. 2.The rivers it flowed down join the Narayani system, which enters India as the Gandak.
3. 3.A debris flow gains mass and momentum as it travels by eroding riverbanks.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)2 only
3. (c)2 and 3 onlyAnswer
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: the disaster began with a slope failure of glacier ice and rock, which is why it is not called a glacial lake outburst flood.
From Nepal's Bhote Koshi and Trishuli disaster: a glacier and rock collapse that became a cascading debris flow
Q3
With reference to loss and damage in the UN climate regime, consider the following statements:
1. 1.The Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage was operationalised at COP28 in Dubai.
2. 2.The decision adopting the Paris Agreement makes Article 8 a basis for liability and compensation.
3. 3.The Warsaw International Mechanism was set up at COP27.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)1 onlyAnswer
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1 and 3 only
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Only statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: that decision says Article 8 gives no basis for liability or compensation. Statement 3 is wrong: the Warsaw International Mechanism was set up at COP19 in 2013; COP27 agreed to set up the fund.
From Loss and damage: Nepal seeks climate compensation from major emitters, and India responds
Q4
With reference to glacial lakes in the Himalaya, consider the following statements:
1. 1.Most of the lakes mapped in the Glacial Lake Atlas of the National Remote Sensing Centre lie outside India.
2. 2.Among Indian States and Union Territories, Sikkim has the largest number of mapped glacial lakes.
3. 3.The South Lhonak outburst of 2023 began when frozen moraine collapsed into the lake and raised a wave that breached its dam.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)1 and 2 only
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct: almost 73 per cent of mapped lakes lie outside India, and South Lhonak failed after collapsing moraine sent a wave over its frontal moraine. Statement 2 is wrong: Ladakh has the most, 3,219, against Sikkim's 733.
From After Nepal, the Centre reviews Himalayan States' preparedness for glacial lake outburst floods
Q5
Consider the following statements about satellite orbits:
1. 1.A geostationary orbit is a geosynchronous orbit that is circular and lies above the equator.
2. 2.Every satellite in geosynchronous orbit appears fixed in the sky when seen from the ground.
3. 3.EOS-05 is India's first Earth observation satellite to image from geosynchronous orbit.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: only a satellite in geostationary orbit, which is circular and above the equator, appears fixed in the sky.
From EOS-05 becomes India's first imaging satellite in geosynchronous orbit
Q6
With reference to the BRICS New Delhi Declaration, 2026, consider the following statements:
1. 1.It opposes carbon border adjustment mechanisms as unilateral, punitive and discriminatory measures.
2. 2.It calls for fossil fuels to be phased out of emerging and developing economies.
3. 3.It supports negotiations on Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing under the WHO Pandemic Agreement.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the declaration accepts that fossil fuels will keep an important role in developing economies, and calls for just, orderly, equitable and inclusive transitions instead.
From BRICS New Delhi Declaration: what it says on climate, energy, health and technology
Q7
With reference to Indian Standard Time (IST), consider the following statements:
1. 1.IST is UTC(NPLI) plus 5 hours 30 minutes.
2. 2.The Legal Metrology Department generates India's national time scale.
3. 3.NavIC's time reference comes from CSIR-NPL.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
2. (b)1 and 2 only
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: CSIR-NPL generates the national time scale with its atomic clocks, while the Legal Metrology Department regulates and enforces.
From Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2026 make traceable IST the legal time reference
Q8
With reference to Semicon 2.0, the second phase of the Semicon India Programme, consider the following statements:
1. 1.It is run under the India Semiconductor Mission with an outlay of ₹1,27,500 crore.
2. 2.Under its commercial fabless track, the government names the intellectual property and chips it wants developed.
3. 3.Under its strategic chip track, the intellectual property is jointly owned by the selected company and C-DAC.
4. 4.A fabless company designs chips but outsources their manufacture to a foundry.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)2 and 4 only
3. (c)1, 2 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 3 and 4 onlyAnswer
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1, 3 and 4 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: it is the strategic chips track in which the government names the intellectual property and chips it wants; the commercial track supports fabless firms with seed funding, design tools and royalty financing.
From Semicon 2.0 notified: a ₹1,27,500 crore chip programme that puts design first
Q9
With reference to India's space sector, consider the following statements:
1. 1.IN-SPACe is an autonomous agency under the Department of Space that authorises and promotes private space activity.
2. 2.NSIL is a public sector undertaking that serves as ISRO's commercial arm.
3. 3.Indian Space Policy 2023 asks ISRO to expand its manufacturing of operational space systems.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 onlyAnswer
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the policy asks ISRO to move out of manufacturing operational space systems and concentrate on research.
From ISRO privatisation row: what Indian Space Policy 2023 assigns to ISRO, IN-SPACe and NSIL
Q10
With reference to air quality management in India, consider the following statements:
1. 1.The Commission for Air Quality Management is a statutory body constituted under an Act of 2021.
2. 2.Carbon dioxide is one of the eight pollutants used to calculate the Air Quality Index.
3. 3.Swachh Vayu Survekshan gives most of its weightage to measured improvement in PM10 levels.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. (a)1 onlyAnswer
2. (b)1 and 2 only
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Only statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: carbon dioxide and methane are not among the AQI pollutants. Statement 3 is wrong: the ranking rewards action taken, and PM10 improvement carries only 2.5 per cent of the weightage.
From Swachh Vayu Diwas: NCAP results, Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2026 and how India tracks its air
Q11
With reference to the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, consider the following statements:
1. 1.The gram sabha is the authority that initiates the process of determining forest rights.
2. 2.The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is the nodal ministry for the Act.
3. 3.Habitat rights under the Act are meant for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the Act names the Ministry of Tribal Affairs as its nodal ministry.
From Tribal Affairs Ministry says the Forest Rights Act has no provision for gram sabha consent to forest clearance
Q12
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.The Great Indian Bustard lives mainly in the Thar, including Desert National Park.
2. 2.Kuno National Park and Gandhi Sagar are Project Cheetah sites.
3. 3.Prosopis juliflora is a native grass planted to restore Great Indian Bustard habitat.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)1 and 3 only
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1 and 2 onlyAnswer
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: Prosopis juliflora is an invasive, and grassland at the Soft Release Centre has been cleared of it.
From Gujarat action plan for the Great Indian Bustard, and Project Cheetah at 52 animals
Q13
With reference to deep sea minerals, consider the following statements:
1. 1.Polymetallic nodules lie on abyssal plains, while polymetallic sulphides form at hydrothermal vents along mid-ocean ridges.
2. 2.An exploration contract from the International Seabed Authority allows commercial mining of the contracted area.
3. 3.India's exclusive nodule exploration area lies in the Central Indian Ocean Basin.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: an exploration contract gives rights to survey and test mine, and commercial mining in international waters must wait for the ISA's Exploitation Code.
From Deep sea mining: India's seabed contracts, crawler trials and the wait for the ISA's Exploitation Code
Q14
Consider the following statements about the National HPV Vaccination Campaign:
1. 1.It offers a single dose of HPV vaccine to 14 year old girls.
2. 2.HPV types 16 and 18 cause most cervical cancers.
3. 3.Coverage under the campaign is tracked on the U-WIN platform.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)Only one
2. (b)Only two
3. (c)All threeAnswer
4. (d)None
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
All three are correct. The campaign gives one free, voluntary dose at 14, which WHO accepted in 2022 protects about as well as two; types 16 and 18 cause most cervical cancers; and coverage is tracked on U-WIN.
From HPV vaccination campaign crosses 80 lakh doses
Q15
With reference to the ICMR study on carbapenem resistant infections, consider the following statements:
1. 1.Carbapenems are antibiotics held in reserve for serious and resistant infections.
2. 2.Most bloodstream infections in the study were acquired outside hospitals.
3. 3.Patients with carbapenem resistant infections were more likely to die than those infected by susceptible strains.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)Only one
2. (b)Only twoAnswer
3. (c)All three
4. (d)None
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: more than 85 per cent of bloodstream infections in the study were healthcare associated.
From ICMR study: carbapenem resistant Gram-negative infections are deadlier and costlier to treat
Q16
With reference to the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, consider the following statements:
1. 1.State Biodiversity Boards regulate commercial use of biological resources by Indian entities.
2. 2.People's Biodiversity Registers are prepared by the National Biodiversity Authority.
3. 3.Where the providers of a biological resource cannot be identified, benefit sharing money can be distributed through State Biodiversity Boards.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1, 2 and 3
4. (d)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct; the vegetable seed payment went to State boards by each State's crop area. Statement 2 is wrong: People's Biodiversity Registers are prepared by Biodiversity Management Committees with local people.
From Biodiversity benefit sharing payouts cross ₹200 crore as States are told to make 2.76 lakh local committees work
Q17
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.A backwater effect occurs when a tributary cannot discharge into a main river that is running high.
2. 2.The Farakka Barrage diverts Ganga water to keep Kolkata port navigable.
3. 3.The 1996 India–Bangladesh Ganga Water Sharing Treaty shares the Ganga's monsoon flow at Farakka.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)Only one
2. (b)Only twoAnswer
3. (c)All three
4. (d)None
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the treaty shares the Ganga's lean season flow at Farakka, not its monsoon flow.
From Bihar floods despite a 27 per cent rain deficit: the backwater effect, silt and the Farakka question
Q18
With reference to India's three-stage nuclear programme, consider the following statements:
1. 1.Thorium-232 is a fissile material that can sustain a chain reaction by itself.
2. 2.In the second stage, fast breeder reactors carry a thorium blanket that is converted into uranium-233.
3. 3.The first stage uses pressurised heavy water reactors fuelled by natural uranium.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)1 and 3 only
3. (c)2 and 3 onlyAnswer
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: Thorium-232 is a fertile material that cannot sustain a chain reaction by itself, and becomes fissile uranium-233 only after absorbing a neutron.
From Kakodkar proposes thorium fuel in India's existing PHWRs, alongside the three-stage programme
Q19
With reference to PM-KUSUM, consider the following statements:
1. 1.It was launched in 2019.
2. 2.It supports the solarisation of grid connected agricultural pumps.
3. 3.Under its planned agrivoltaics component, ownership of the land passes from the farmer to the solar developer.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1, 2 and 3
4. (d)1 and 2 onlyAnswer
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: under the agrivoltaics component, land ownership stays with the farmer.
From Next phase of PM-KUSUM to carry a dedicated agrivoltaics component
Q20
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.Forest cover, as assessed by the Forest Survey of India, counts only natural forest within recorded forest areas.
2. 2.The Forest Survey of India assesses forest and tree resources every two years.
3. 3.India's 2022 NDC update raised its carbon sink target for 2030.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)2 onlyAnswer
3. (c)1 and 3 only
4. (d)2 and 3 only
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Only statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is wrong because forest cover counts any land over a hectare with enough canopy, plantations and orchards included; statement 3 is wrong because the 2022 update left the sink target unchanged.
From Forest carbon sink target puts the methods of forest assessment in focus
Q21
With reference to coal gasification, consider the following statements:
1. 1.It is a biochemical process in which microbes break coal down into gas.
2. 2.The syngas it produces is mainly a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
3. 3.Syngas can be used to make urea and to produce direct reduced iron.
4. 4.The Scheme for Promotion of Surface Coal/Lignite Gasification Projects supports gasifying coal in place within the seam.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)Only one
2. (b)Only twoAnswer
3. (c)Only three
4. (d)All four
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: coal gasification is thermochemical, partial oxidation at high temperature and pressure. Statement 4 is wrong: the scheme supports surface gasification of mined coal in a reactor above ground, not underground gasification within the seam.
From Coal gasification scheme: first round draws seven applications after a 'no takers' row
Q22
With reference to data centres in India, consider the following statements:
1. 1.Power Usage Effectiveness is the total electricity used by a data centre divided by the electricity used by its IT equipment.
2. 2.Data centres have been given infrastructure status through the Harmonised List of Infrastructure.
3. 3.The SHANTI Act provides for solar parks dedicated to supplying data centres.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)Only one
2. (b)Only twoAnswer
3. (c)All three
4. (d)None
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the SHANTI Act concerns nuclear energy, enabling future Small Modular Reactors to supply AI and data centres.
From India's data centre boom: capacity, power and water demands, and the rules meant to keep them efficient
Q23
Consider the following statements about map projections:
1. 1.The Mercator projection preserves angles, so rhumb lines appear straight.
2. 2.An equal-area projection keeps both the shapes and the relative areas of regions true.
3. 3.The Winkel Tripel is a compromise projection that keeps no property exact.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: an equal-area projection keeps relative areas true while shapes stretch, and no flat map keeps both shapes and areas true.
From UN General Assembly backs equal-area world maps, naming Equal Earth as the alternative to Mercator
Q24
Consider the following statements about India's space cooperation:
1. 1.TRISHNA is a joint mission of ISRO and CNES to track land surface temperature and evapotranspiration.
2. 2.SARAL was built by ISRO with the European Space Agency.
3. 3.European Space Agency ground stations will track Gaganyaan missions.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: SARAL, like Megha-Tropiques, was built by ISRO with France's space agency CNES.
From At the first International Space Summit in Paris, India sets out three principles for space
Q25
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.MISHTI was launched on World Environment Day in 2023.
2. 2.The Guneri mangroves grow along the open coast of the Gulf of Kachchh.
3. 3.A Biodiversity Heritage Site is notified by the State government under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the Guneri mangroves are rare because they grow inland, away from the sea.
From MISHTI: Gujarat nears its mangrove restoration target as a GIS portal is launched to monitor mangroves
Q26
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.In the Pichavaram mangroves, vegetation stores more carbon per hectare than the sediments.
2. 2.Natural Capital Accounting records the depletion of natural assets, which GDP does not capture.
3. 3.In MoSPI's proposed method for valuing marine fish stocks, future resource rents are discounted to present value.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)Only one
2. (b)Only twoAnswer
3. (c)All three
4. (d)None
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: the sediments hold about 76 per cent of the carbon stored per hectare, and the vegetation about 24 per cent.
From Pichavaram mangroves valued at ₹2,485.38 crore, most of their carbon stored in the soil
Q27
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.KABIL, which secures minerals for India abroad, is a joint venture of NALCO, Hindustan Copper and MECL.
2. 2.Argentina, Australia and Chile together form the lithium triangle.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. (a)1 onlyAnswer
2. (b)2 only
3. (c)Both 1 and 2
4. (d)Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the lithium triangle is formed by Argentina, Bolivia and Chile; Australia is a separate country India is in talks with.
From India seeks lithium blocks in Australia and Chile, and five more in Argentina
Q28
Consider the following vultures found in India:
1. 1.White-rumped vulture
2. 2.Long-billed vulture
3. 3.Egyptian vulture
Which of the above are classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List?
1. (a)1 and 2 onlyAnswer
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
The White-rumped and Long-billed vultures, both bred at Pinjore, are Critically Endangered, while the Egyptian vulture is Endangered.
From Vulture Awareness Day: the Pinjore breeding centre and India's Critically Endangered vultures
Q29
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.Under Section 2(d)(vi) of the Copyright Act, the author of a computer generated work is the person who causes it to be created.
2. 2.The Clay Mathematics Institute has accepted an AI generated solution to the Navier–Stokes Millennium Prize Problem.
3. 3.Alignment in AI is the problem of keeping increasingly capable systems acting in line with human intentions and values.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct; statement 1 is why India's Copyright Office refused to name DABUS as an author. Statement 2 is wrong: the institute still lists the Navier–Stokes problem as unsolved.
From Frontier AI: agents that broke out of their test sandboxes, calls to slow down, and India's position
Q30
Consider the following statements about geothermal energy:
1. 1.India's first geothermal wells were commissioned at Puga Valley in Ladakh.
2. 2.Part of the Earth's internal heat comes from the radioactive decay of elements such as uranium and thorium.
3. 3.Like solar and wind power, geothermal power is available only intermittently.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 onlyAnswer
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: unlike solar and wind, geothermal power is available round the clock.
From Geothermal energy: India's first geothermal wells at Puga Valley, Ladakh, and the national policy behind them
Q31
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.GEMCOVAC-19 is India's first mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.
2. 2.Covishield is an mRNA vaccine.
3. 3.CEPI funds vaccines against emerging epidemic threats so that candidates are ready before an outbreak.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
2. (b)2 only
3. (c)1 and 2 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: Covishield is a viral vector vaccine, not an mRNA vaccine.
From India the largest vaccine producer by volume, bioeconomy at USD 195.3 billion: figures from the CEPI meeting
Q32
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.H1N1 is a subtype of influenza A named after two proteins on the virus surface.
2. 2.The H1N1 strain behind the 2026 surge in India is a novel strain that first emerged this year.
3. 3.Incidence, rather than a raw count of cases, allows fair comparison between places of different size.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: H1N1 caused the 2009 pandemic and now circulates as a seasonal strain.
From H1N1 flu surge tests the disease surveillance India built after COVID-19
Q33
Consider the following statements about rock weathering and carbon dioxide:
1. 1.Silicate weathering removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
2. 2.Oxidation of pyrite produces sulphuric acid, which can release carbon dioxide from carbonate rocks.
3. 3.In the upper Indus basin, the flatter floodplains were found to be net sources of carbon dioxide.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 onlyAnswer
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the steep mountain catchments were net sources of carbon dioxide, while the flatter floodplains downstream were sinks.
From Rapid erosion in the upper Indus basin releases more carbon dioxide than silicate weathering removes, study finds
Q34
With reference to Bakhira Lake, consider the following statements:
1. 1.It is an oxbow wetland formed when the Rapti cut off a meander.
2. 2.It is a Ramsar Site.
3. 3.The Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, which studied its sediments, is an autonomous institute of the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 onlyAnswer
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, is an autonomous institute of the Department of Science and Technology.
From Bakhira Lake sediments trace 25,000 years of Indian Summer Monsoon history
Q35
In India's defence procurement, what does the grant of 'Acceptance of Necessity' by the Defence Acquisition Council signify?
1. (a)A contract has been signed with the selected vendor.
2. (b)The need for the item is accepted, and the purchase can move to requests for proposals, trials and price negotiation.Answer
3. (c)The equipment has cleared field trials and is ready for induction.
4. (d)The full amount has been released to the armed forces from the defence budget.
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Acceptance of Necessity is the first formal step: it accepts the need, and requests for proposals, trials and price negotiation follow before any contract. So options a, c and d describe later stages or money not yet committed.
From Defence Acquisition Council clears proposals worth about ₹1.10 lakh crore
Q36
Consider the following statements about small hydro power in India:
1. 1.Hydro projects of up to 25 MW are classed as small hydro.
2. 2.Most of India's assessed small hydro potential has already been harnessed.
3. 3.The proposed Small Hydro Power Development Scheme will incentivise states to prepare Detailed Project Reports.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)Only one
2. (b)Only twoAnswer
3. (c)All three
4. (d)None
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: only about 5.2 GW of an assessed potential of about 21 GW has been harnessed.
From Proposed Small Hydro Power Development Scheme targets about 1,500 MW by 2030-31
Q37
Consider the following statements about the Ramsar Convention:
1. 1.It was signed at Ramsar in Iran in 1971.
2. 2.India joined the convention at its signing in 1971.
3. 3.Wetlands whose ecological character is changing because of human activity can be placed on the Montreux Record.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)2 only
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the convention was signed in 1971, but India joined it only in 1982.
From India and Germany sign a joint declaration on conserving wetlands of international importance
Q38
Consider the following statements about vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in India:
1. 1.V2V alerts can warn a driver of hazards beyond the line of sight, which camera based driver assistance systems cannot do.
2. 2.India's V2V units will use a radio band for which a spectrum licence is required.
3. 3.The draft rules would require all new cars, buses and goods vehicles made on or after 1 October 2028 to be fitted with V2V.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the Department of Telecommunications has exempted the 5.875 to 5.925 GHz band from licensing.
From Draft rules would make vehicle-to-vehicle communication compulsory in new vehicles from October 2028
Q39
Consider the following statements about orangutans:
1. 1.They are found in the wild only in Borneo and Sumatra.
2. 2.They are listed in Appendix I of CITES.
3. 3.Of the three orangutan species, only the Tapanuli orangutan is Critically Endangered.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 2 onlyAnswer
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutans are all Critically Endangered.
From Five baby orangutans found abandoned in Odisha's Balasore district; trafficking probe under way
Q40
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.The Indian star tortoise is listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
2. 2.The tokay gecko is listed in CITES Appendix I.
3. 3.The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence works under the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 2 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the tokay gecko is in CITES Appendix II, which allows trade with permits, while the pangolin and the star tortoise are in Appendix I.
From DRI seizures of pangolin scales, star tortoises and tokay geckos, and how the law protects them
Q41
With reference to the Sone river water sharing between Bihar and Jharkhand, consider the following statements:
1. 1.The Sone is a left bank tributary of the Ganga.
2. 2.The water shared by the two States was allotted to undivided Bihar under the 1973 Bansagar Agreement.
3. 3.The dispute was settled by a tribunal constituted under the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act, 1956.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)Only oneAnswer
2. (b)Only two
3. (c)All three
4. (d)None
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Only statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is wrong: the Sone is a right bank tributary of the Ganga. Statement 3 is wrong: the dispute was settled by an agreement, not by a tribunal.
From Bihar and Jharkhand end their 25 year dispute over Sone river water with an MoU
Q42
Consider the following statements about fish farming technologies:
1. 1.In a Recirculatory Aquaculture System, a biofilter of nitrifying bacteria converts ammonia from fish waste into nitrite and then nitrate.
2. 2.Biofloc technology depends on frequent exchange of large volumes of pond water.
3. 3.India is the largest producer and exporter of shrimp in the world.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
2. (b)1 and 2 only
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: biofloc microbes clean the water within the pond, so little or no water needs to be exchanged.
From Recirculating aquaculture and biofloc spread under PMMSY as fish production hits a record
Q43
Consider the following statements about the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope:
1. 1.It operates from Lagrange Point 2, as does the James Webb Space Telescope.
2. 2.Dark energy makes up a larger share of the universe than dark matter.
3. 3.Its coronagraph is the instrument that maps dark matter through gravitational lensing.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1, 2 and 3
4. (d)1 and 2 onlyAnswer
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct: dark energy is about 68 per cent of the universe and dark matter about 27. Statement 3 is wrong: the Wide Field Instrument maps galaxies through gravitational lensing, while the coronagraph blocks starlight to reveal planets.
From NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope launched to survey dark energy, dark matter and exoplanets
Q44
With reference to ORV Sagar Manthan, consider the following statements:
1. 1.It entered service on being launched at Kolkata in September 2026.
2. 2.It is being built under the Deep Ocean Mission, a programme of the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
3. 3.It will explore mid-oceanic ridges of the Indian Ocean for hydrothermal sulphide deposits.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)1 and 3 only
3. (c)1, 2 and 3
4. (d)2 and 3 onlyAnswer
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: launch only floats the hull out so construction can continue; the ship is due for delivery for commissioning in 2028.
From ORV Sagar Manthan, an advanced ocean research vessel built in India under the Deep Ocean Mission, launched
Q45
Consider the following statements about BHASHINI:
1. 1.It functions under the Digital India Corporation of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
2. 2.BhashaDaan is its tool for real time translation and transcription.
3. 3.It supports more Indian voice languages than Indian text languages.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. (a)1 onlyAnswer
2. (b)1 and 2 only
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: BhashaDaan crowdsources language data, while Shrutlekh does real time translation and transcription. Statement 3 is wrong: BHASHINI supports 36 Indian text languages but 23 Indian voice languages.
From BHASHINI, India's language AI platform, takes voice first technology to Nepal and the States
Q46
With reference to recent research on entanglement sudden death, consider the following statements:
1. 1.Entanglement sudden death is the complete loss of entanglement at a finite time, before the particles have finished decaying.
2. 2.In the experiment, the polarisation of photons stood for the excited and ground states.
3. 3.A single timed flip was found only to delay entanglement sudden death, never to prevent it.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 onlyAnswer
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)1 and 3 only
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: applied at the right moment the flip prevents sudden death altogether, while at other moments it delays or hastens it.
From Raman Research Institute shows a single well timed flip can delay or avoid entanglement sudden death
Q47
Consider the following statements about thermoelectric materials:
1. 1.They convert a temperature difference directly into electricity.
2. 2.A good thermoelectric material conducts heat well and electricity poorly.
3. 3.A higher zT indicates a better thermoelectric material.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)2 and 3 only
3. (c)3 only
4. (d)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: a good thermoelectric material must conduct electricity well but heat poorly.
From JNCASR finds wave-like heat flow in a crystal that could turn industrial waste heat into electricity
Q48
Consider the following statements about the photocatalyst for water splitting developed at CeNS, Bengaluru:
1. 1.It combines an amino acid with a light absorbing organic molecule.
2. 2.It relies on a precious metal to separate charges.
3. 3.Its self-assembled form gives more photocurrent than its bulk form.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)1 and 2 only
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the material is a metal-free organic photocatalyst, pairing aspartic acid with perylene diimide.
From CeNS builds a metal-free organic photocatalyst for solar water splitting
Q49
Consider the following statements:
1. 1.Vilayati kikar (Prosopis juliflora) is a tree native to the Aravalli hills.
2. 2.Chasmophytes are plants that grow in cracks of rock.
3. 3.Endozoochory is the dispersal of seeds by animals that eat fruit and pass the seeds in their droppings.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. (a)1 and 2 only
2. (b)1 and 3 only
3. (c)2 and 3 onlyAnswer
4. (d)1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 2 and 3 are correct: chasmophytes grow in cracks of rock, and in endozoochory animals eat fruit and pass the seeds in their droppings. Statement 1 is wrong: vilayati kikar is an invasive tree introduced from the Americas.
From Wild Capital, a book on Delhi's nature, and what it teaches about invasive species and restoration
Q50
Consider the following statements about pneumococcal vaccines:
1. 1.Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines link the capsular polysaccharide to a carrier protein.
2. 2.The ZPY-CpG-Ch candidate is built on the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
3. 3.Reverse vaccinology starts from a pathogen's genome to find suitable proteins for a vaccine.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. (a)1 only
2. (b)2 only
3. (c)2 and 3 only
4. (d)1 and 3 onlyAnswer
Show answer and explanationHide answer and explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: ZPY-CpG-Ch is protein based, built on three surface proteins shared across serotypes, whereas existing vaccines target the capsular polysaccharide.
From A protein based candidate is a first step towards a universal pneumococcal vaccine

Mains

Q1 · 15 marks · 250 words
UNEP now treats 1.5°C as a goal to be approached from above. Explain the overshoot, peak and decline pathway, and examine what it means for climate justice and adaptation finance.
From UNEP says breaching 1.5°C is now unavoidable and warming will peak near 1.8°C
Q2 · 15 marks · 250 words
The 2026 disaster in Nepal's Bhote Koshi and Trishuli valleys was a cascading hazard rather than a single flood. Explain how climate warming destabilises high mountain slopes, and examine why early warning in the Himalaya must look beyond rainfall.
From Nepal's Bhote Koshi and Trishuli disaster: a glacier and rock collapse that became a cascading debris flow
Q3 · 10 marks · 150 words
Nepal's demand for climate compensation applies to India the argument of historical responsibility that India makes to developed countries. Examine this claim, and the adequacy of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage.
From Loss and damage: Nepal seeks climate compensation from major emitters, and India responds
Q4 · 15 marks · 250 words
Satellites can show a glacial lake growing, but they cannot evacuate a valley. Examine the gaps between monitoring and preparedness for glacial lake outburst floods in the Indian Himalaya, and suggest measures to close them.
From After Nepal, the Centre reviews Himalayan States' preparedness for glacial lake outburst floods
Q5 · 15 marks · 250 words
Earth observation from geosynchronous orbit trades detail for continuity. Explain this trade-off, and discuss how continuous imaging can strengthen disaster management in India.
From EOS-05 becomes India's first imaging satellite in geosynchronous orbit
Q6 · 10 marks · 150 words
What does the BRICS opposition to carbon border adjustment mechanisms reveal about the divide between developed and developing countries on climate action?
From BRICS New Delhi Declaration: what it says on climate, energy, health and technology
Q7 · 15 marks · 250 words
Accurate and traceable time has become critical national infrastructure. Discuss the significance of the Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2026 for India's digital economy and strategic autonomy.
From Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2026 make traceable IST the legal time reference
Q8 · 15 marks · 250 words
Semicon 2.0 places chip design ahead of fabrication. Examine the rationale for this design first approach and discuss its significance for India's semiconductor supply chain security.
From Semicon 2.0 notified: a ₹1,27,500 crore chip programme that puts design first
Q9 · 15 marks · 250 words
Indian Space Policy 2023 asks ISRO to move out of manufacturing operational space systems and leave production to industry. Critically analyse the benefits and risks of this shift for India's space programme.
From ISRO privatisation row: what Indian Space Policy 2023 assigns to ISRO, IN-SPACe and NSIL
Q10 · 15 marks · 250 words
Critically examine the performance of the National Clean Air Programme, and discuss the gaps in how India measures air pollution and its sources.
From Swachh Vayu Diwas: NCAP results, Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2026 and how India tracks its air

Prelims answers

Q1 (b) Only statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is wrong because the 1.5°C goal refers to warming averaged over decades, and statement 3 is wrong because India has not joined the Global Methane Pledge.
Q2 (c) Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: the disaster began with a slope failure of glacier ice and rock, which is why it is not called a glacial lake outburst flood.
Q3 (b) Only statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: that decision says Article 8 gives no basis for liability or compensation. Statement 3 is wrong: the Warsaw International Mechanism was set up at COP19 in 2013; COP27 agreed to set up the fund.
Q4 (d) Statements 1 and 3 are correct: almost 73 per cent of mapped lakes lie outside India, and South Lhonak failed after collapsing moraine sent a wave over its frontal moraine. Statement 2 is wrong: Ladakh has the most, 3,219, against Sikkim's 733.
Q5 (b) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: only a satellite in geostationary orbit, which is circular and above the equator, appears fixed in the sky.
Q6 (b) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the declaration accepts that fossil fuels will keep an important role in developing economies, and calls for just, orderly, equitable and inclusive transitions instead.
Q7 (a) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: CSIR-NPL generates the national time scale with its atomic clocks, while the Legal Metrology Department regulates and enforces.
Q8 (d) Statements 1, 3 and 4 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: it is the strategic chips track in which the government names the intellectual property and chips it wants; the commercial track supports fabless firms with seed funding, design tools and royalty financing.
Q9 (a) Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the policy asks ISRO to move out of manufacturing operational space systems and concentrate on research.
Q10 (a) Only statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: carbon dioxide and methane are not among the AQI pollutants. Statement 3 is wrong: the ranking rewards action taken, and PM10 improvement carries only 2.5 per cent of the weightage.
Q11 (c) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the Act names the Ministry of Tribal Affairs as its nodal ministry.
Q12 (d) Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: Prosopis juliflora is an invasive, and grassland at the Soft Release Centre has been cleared of it.
Q13 (c) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: an exploration contract gives rights to survey and test mine, and commercial mining in international waters must wait for the ISA's Exploitation Code.
Q14 (c) All three are correct. The campaign gives one free, voluntary dose at 14, which WHO accepted in 2022 protects about as well as two; types 16 and 18 cause most cervical cancers; and coverage is tracked on U-WIN.
Q15 (b) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: more than 85 per cent of bloodstream infections in the study were healthcare associated.
Q16 (d) Statements 1 and 3 are correct; the vegetable seed payment went to State boards by each State's crop area. Statement 2 is wrong: People's Biodiversity Registers are prepared by Biodiversity Management Committees with local people.
Q17 (b) Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the treaty shares the Ganga's lean season flow at Farakka, not its monsoon flow.
Q18 (c) Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: Thorium-232 is a fertile material that cannot sustain a chain reaction by itself, and becomes fissile uranium-233 only after absorbing a neutron.
Q19 (d) Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: under the agrivoltaics component, land ownership stays with the farmer.
Q20 (b) Only statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is wrong because forest cover counts any land over a hectare with enough canopy, plantations and orchards included; statement 3 is wrong because the 2022 update left the sink target unchanged.
Q21 (b) Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: coal gasification is thermochemical, partial oxidation at high temperature and pressure. Statement 4 is wrong: the scheme supports surface gasification of mined coal in a reactor above ground, not underground gasification within the seam.
Q22 (b) Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the SHANTI Act concerns nuclear energy, enabling future Small Modular Reactors to supply AI and data centres.
Q23 (c) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: an equal-area projection keeps relative areas true while shapes stretch, and no flat map keeps both shapes and areas true.
Q24 (c) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: SARAL, like Megha-Tropiques, was built by ISRO with France's space agency CNES.
Q25 (c) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the Guneri mangroves are rare because they grow inland, away from the sea.
Q26 (b) Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: the sediments hold about 76 per cent of the carbon stored per hectare, and the vegetation about 24 per cent.
Q27 (a) Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the lithium triangle is formed by Argentina, Bolivia and Chile; Australia is a separate country India is in talks with.
Q28 (a) The White-rumped and Long-billed vultures, both bred at Pinjore, are Critically Endangered, while the Egyptian vulture is Endangered.
Q29 (c) Statements 1 and 3 are correct; statement 1 is why India's Copyright Office refused to name DABUS as an author. Statement 2 is wrong: the institute still lists the Navier–Stokes problem as unsolved.
Q30 (a) Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: unlike solar and wind, geothermal power is available round the clock.
Q31 (a) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: Covishield is a viral vector vaccine, not an mRNA vaccine.
Q32 (b) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: H1N1 caused the 2009 pandemic and now circulates as a seasonal strain.
Q33 (a) Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the steep mountain catchments were net sources of carbon dioxide, while the flatter floodplains downstream were sinks.
Q34 (a) Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, is an autonomous institute of the Department of Science and Technology.
Q35 (b) Acceptance of Necessity is the first formal step: it accepts the need, and requests for proposals, trials and price negotiation follow before any contract. So options a, c and d describe later stages or money not yet committed.
Q36 (b) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: only about 5.2 GW of an assessed potential of about 21 GW has been harnessed.
Q37 (d) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the convention was signed in 1971, but India joined it only in 1982.
Q38 (c) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the Department of Telecommunications has exempted the 5.875 to 5.925 GHz band from licensing.
Q39 (c) Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutans are all Critically Endangered.
Q40 (a) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the tokay gecko is in CITES Appendix II, which allows trade with permits, while the pangolin and the star tortoise are in Appendix I.
Q41 (a) Only statement 2 is correct. Statement 1 is wrong: the Sone is a right bank tributary of the Ganga. Statement 3 is wrong: the dispute was settled by an agreement, not by a tribunal.
Q42 (a) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: biofloc microbes clean the water within the pond, so little or no water needs to be exchanged.
Q43 (d) Statements 1 and 2 are correct: dark energy is about 68 per cent of the universe and dark matter about 27. Statement 3 is wrong: the Wide Field Instrument maps galaxies through gravitational lensing, while the coronagraph blocks starlight to reveal planets.
Q44 (d) Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: launch only floats the hull out so construction can continue; the ship is due for delivery for commissioning in 2028.
Q45 (a) Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: BhashaDaan crowdsources language data, while Shrutlekh does real time translation and transcription. Statement 3 is wrong: BHASHINI supports 36 Indian text languages but 23 Indian voice languages.
Q46 (a) Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: applied at the right moment the flip prevents sudden death altogether, while at other moments it delays or hastens it.
Q47 (d) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: a good thermoelectric material must conduct electricity well but heat poorly.
Q48 (d) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the material is a metal-free organic photocatalyst, pairing aspartic acid with perylene diimide.
Q49 (c) Statements 2 and 3 are correct: chasmophytes grow in cracks of rock, and in endozoochory animals eat fruit and pass the seeds in their droppings. Statement 1 is wrong: vilayati kikar is an invasive tree introduced from the Americas.
Q50 (d) Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: ZPY-CpG-Ch is protein based, built on three surface proteins shared across serotypes, whereas existing vaccines target the capsular polysaccharide.