Science and Technology › IPR and science policy

Research funding, institutions and awards

How Indian research is paid for and organised: research spending, the national research foundation and funds for innovation, science institutions and their reform, awards, and the careers of scientists. It serves GS3 answers on science policy.

GERD: Gross expenditure on research and development: everything a country spends on research in a year, by government, industry and universities together, usually read as a share of national income.

deep tech: Ventures built on a significant scientific or engineering breakthrough, with long development times and high technical risk.

Persistent identifier: A permanent, unique, machine readable code attached to a grant, a paper or a researcher, so that the same thing can be recognised wherever it turns up.

Body corporate: A legal person created by law, which holds property, makes contracts and sues in its own name, separately from the people who run it.

Institution of National Importance: A status conferred by an Act of Parliament on a premier academic institution, which is then governed by that Act.

Social cost of carbon: The cost of the damage done by one extra tonne of carbon dioxide.

MAHA: Missions for Advancement in High Impact Areas, ANRF's mission mode programmes in strategic sectors.

Technology Readiness Level: A nine level scale for judging how mature a technology is.

Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravya: An Indian certified reference material used as a measurement standard.