Science and Technology › IPR and science policy

Research funding, institutions and awards

How Indian research is paid for and organised: research spending, the national research foundation and funds for innovation, science institutions and their reform, awards, and the careers of scientists. It serves GS3 answers on science policy.

Nothing here changed from 1 to 30 September 2026.Show all

GERD: Gross expenditure on research and development: everything a country spends on research in a year, by government, industry and universities together, usually read as a share of national income.

deep tech: Ventures built on a significant scientific or engineering breakthrough, with long development times and high technical risk.

Persistent identifier: A permanent, unique, machine readable code attached to a grant, a paper or a researcher, so that the same thing can be recognised wherever it turns up.

Body corporate: A legal person created by law, which holds property, makes contracts and sues in its own name, separately from the people who run it.

Institution of National Importance: A status conferred by an Act of Parliament on a premier academic institution, which is then governed by that Act.

Social cost of carbon: The cost of the damage done by one extra tonne of carbon dioxide.

MAHA: Missions for Advancement in High Impact Areas, ANRF's mission mode programmes in strategic sectors.

Technology Readiness Level: A nine level scale for judging how mature a technology is.

Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravya: An Indian certified reference material used as a measurement standard.