Environment and Disaster Management › Climate science

Cryosphere, oceans and sea level

The frozen and ocean parts of the climate system: Himalayan glaciers and glacial lakes, sea ice and ice sheets, permafrost, ocean warming and acidification, and sea level rise. Prelims has asked which rivers rise from which Himalayan glaciers, and about the source and course of the Teesta.

Foundation note: Ice, oceans and sea level: the mechanisms

Showing 1 of 5 articles, those that changed from 1 to 30 June 2026.Show all

Oceans

INCOIS El Niño bulletins for the seas

Prelims

The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) links El Niño to warmer Indian Ocean waters, which bring more coral bleaching and marine heatwaves.

Catches of sardine and mackerel fall as stocks migrate or recruitment falls.
The Bay of Bengal stays rough in the monsoon with more east coast erosion and flooding, while the Arabian Sea and west coast are likely calmer.

What changed

23 Jun 2026BriefINCOIS released its first specialised El Niño bulletin for maritime sectors on 22 June; the event is expected to peak in November 2026 to January 2027. PIB, 23 Jun 2026: INCOIS Launches Specialized El Niño Bulletins to Safeguard India's Maritime Sectors (opens in a new tab)

Also filed elsewhere

Hydropower in the Himalaya · on Wind, hydro and other renewables
Hydropower in the Himalaya means dams and power projects built on the rivers of a young, steep and seismically active range.