Digital public infrastructure and platforms

Prelims and Mains

These rules govern how a platform may sell to an Indian consumer. Until now a platform answered for its interface only when somebody caught it, and the amendment notified on 10 September 2026 makes it certify that interface itself from 1 January 2027.

• The Central Consumer Protection Authority issued guidelines on dark patterns in 2023, naming false urgency, basket sneaking, confirm shaming, subscription traps and drip pricing.

Prelims and Mains

The record of who owns which piece of land is the government's own rule book, and it has to be read, mapped and registered before it means anything. The textual record of ownership and the survey map often disagree with each other. The programme that digitises that record entered its third phase in September 2026, with operational guidelines and ₹565.50 crore for the years 2026 to 2031.

• It began in 2008 as the National Land Records Modernisation Programme, merging two Centrally Sponsored Schemes.
• In 2016 it was revamped as the Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP), a Central Sector Scheme funded entirely by the Union.
• DILRMP 3.0 builds a GIS enabled Land Stack tying cadastral maps to Records of Rights, registrations and court cases.
• State Land Stacks federate into a National Land Stack, with the data staying with the States.
• Every parcel gets a Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN), a 14 digit identity also called the Universal Bhu-Aadhaar.
• Registration is to be done at Registration Seva Kendras, modelled on Passport Seva Kendras.
• NAKSHA, the National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations, is the pilot for urban land records and issues Urban Property Cards.