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हिन्दी — Read in HindiCritical minerals and rare earths
India's search for critical minerals and rare earths: auctions and finds at home, blocks and alliances abroad, recycling, and the refining that decides who controls supply. Prelims has asked about rare earths and the National Critical Mineral Mission, lithium in Chile, and monazite.
Foundation note: Critical minerals: the list, the law and the chain
UPSC has asked
- Prelims 2025: rare earths in flat screens, and their phosphorescence
Showing 3 of 8 articles, those that changed from 1 to 30 September 2026.Show all
Lithium blocks abroad
Copy link to Lithium blocks abroadPrelims and Mains
Lithium blocks abroad are lithium bearing ground in other countries that India buys into, through KABIL, Khanij Bidesh India Limited.
- The surest way to be certain of lithium is to hold the ground it lies in.
- KABIL is a joint venture of the National Aluminium Company, Hindustan Copper and Mineral Exploration and Consultancy, and it already holds five blocks in Argentina.
- Argentina, Bolivia and Chile form the lithium triangle, the salt flats that hold most of the world's brine lithium.
- Australia mines lithium from hard rock.
What changed
11 Sep 2026
- India said it was in talks to acquire lithium blocks in Australia and Chile and was seeking five more in Argentina.
UPSC has asked
- Prelims 2025: countries and resources, including Chile and lithium
District Mineral Foundations
Copy link to District Mineral FoundationsPrelims and Mains
A District Mineral Foundation (DMF) is a district level body that spends on the welfare of areas and people affected by mining.
- It is funded by contributions from holders of mining leases.
- Foundations were set up after the 2015 amendment of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act.
- Their spending follows the guidelines of the Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY).
What changed
29 Sep 2026New
- An audit by the Comptroller and Auditor General found irregular spending of foundation money in Odisha.
- The money went, among other things, to a hockey stadium that the audit held to be of little use to people affected by mining.
UPSC has asked
- Prelims 2016: the purpose of District Mineral Foundations
MMDR Amendment Act, 2026 and the States' power to tax minerals
Copy link to MMDR Amendment Act, 2026 and the States' power to tax mineralsPrelims and Mains
LeadWho taxes minerals: the 2026 mining amendmentSeptember 2026
Why in news
The Act, passed in August 2026, has drawn protests in the Odisha Assembly, with mineral rich States saying it undoes a Supreme Court ruling in their favour.
- about ₹2 lakh croreunpaid dues from earlier State levies that the Act extinguishes
- 23 per centshare of minerals in Odisha's revenue receipts
- 90 per centshare of mining revenue that the Centre says will still go to States
Background
- Entry 50 of the State List lets States tax mineral rights, subject to any limits Parliament sets by a law on mineral development; Entry 49 lets them tax land.
- In India Cement (1989) the Supreme Court held that royalty is a tax, which kept States out of the field.
- On 25 July 2024 a nine judge Bench, in Mineral Area Development Authority v. Steel Authority of India, overruled it: royalty is not a tax, and mineral bearing land falls within the States' power to tax land.
- That ruling allowed dues from before the judgment to be recovered in instalments over 12 years from April 2026.
What the Act does
- Section 9D bars States from levying taxes or cesses on mineral rights or mineral bearing land except on conditions the Centre prescribes.
- It extinguishes the unpaid dues from earlier levies, and the Centre plans a cap on combined levies after consulting the States.
The Centre's case
- A predictable tax regime is needed for long term investment in mining.
- Many levies on the same mineral raise its cost and feed into inflation, and industry says the law gives fiscal certainty.
The States' case
- The law overrides the 2024 ruling and leaves mineral rich States bearing the costs of mining without the fiscal room to meet them.
- Odisha's opposition puts the loss at ₹12,000 crore a year.
From India Cement to Section 9D
1989
India Cement: royalty is a tax, so States cannot levy it
25 July 2024
nine judge Bench: royalty is not a tax; States may tax mineral rights and mineral bearing land
April 2026
recovery of past dues in instalments was due to begin
August 2026
the Amendment Act adds Section 9D and extinguishes the dues
The two cases
The Centre
- a predictable regime for long term mining investment
- many levies raise mineral costs and inflation
- 90 per cent of mining revenue still goes to States
The States
- the 2024 ruling is nullified
- mining's costs fall on States without the revenue to meet them
- minerals are 23 per cent of Odisha's revenue receipts
The open question
- Entry 50 expressly allows Parliament to limit taxes on mineral rights, but Section 9D also reaches land, which the 2024 Bench placed with the States under Entry 49.
- Whether a law on mineral development can limit a tax on land is the constitutional point on which the amendment will be tested.
Prelims facts
- Royalty is not a tax: Mineral Area Development Authority v. Steel Authority of India, 2024, nine judges.
- India Cement, 1989 was overruled.
- A mineral bearing land tax is a State levy on land that contains minerals, charged per tonne of mineral.
- Entries 49 and 50 are in List II, the State List.
The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2026 limits what States may levy on minerals.
- Its Section 9D bars a State from taxing mineral rights or mineral bearing land except on conditions the Centre prescribes.
- It follows a nine judge ruling of 2024, which held that royalty is not a tax and that States may tax both mineral rights and the land that holds minerals.
- The dispute is over which legislature holds the field: Entry 50 of the State List lets Parliament limit taxes on mineral rights, while Entry 49 gives States the tax on land.
What changed
25 Sep 2026LeadWho taxes minerals: the 2026 mining amendment
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