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Representation: delimitation, seats and women's reservation

How seats are drawn and shared: the census, delimitation and the freeze on seats among States, and the reservation of seats in the legislatures.

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Delimitation and women's reservation

Prelims and Mains

LeadDelimitation and women's reservationAugust 2026

Why in news

In August 2026 the Union government sought support to bring back a constitutional amendment on delimitation, which had failed in the Lok Sabha on 17 April 2026. On 12 August the Tamil Nadu Assembly resolved that the Lok Sabha should stay at 543 seats.

Background

Delimitation is the drawing of constituency boundaries and the allotment of seats, so that each vote carries about the same weight.

Article 82 requires a readjustment after every census. Article 81 asks that the ratio of seats to population be, as far as possible, the same for all States.
To avoid punishing States that controlled their population, the 42nd Amendment (1976) froze the allocation of seats among States on the 1971 Census.
The 84th Amendment (2001) extended the freeze until the first census taken after 2026.

The 106th Amendment (2023) reserves one third of seats in the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies for women, but Article 334A starts it only after a delimitation based on the next census.

Why the two questions are tied

Women's reservation cannot begin until seats are redrawn.
Seats cannot be redrawn among States until a census after 2026 is published.
So the date from which women get reserved seats depends on the census and on what Parliament decides about the freeze.
The failed Bill would have used the 2011 Census to cut this wait.

The federal problem

Seats by present population would shift representation to the northern States, where population grew faster.
The southern States say they would lose voice for having met the national goal of population control.
The other side: a vote in a large northern constituency already counts for far less than a vote in a small southern one, which strains the principle of one person, one vote, one value.

Proposals on the table

Tamil Nadu's resolution: keep 543 seats, keep the present shares, and start women's reservation in 2029 on the existing seats.
A larger House with protected shares: raise every State's seats by the same proportion, so that no State's share falls.
A further freeze of 25 years on the 1971 basis.
A State Assembly's resolution is a request; only Parliament can amend Articles 81 and 82, by special majority.

Cases to cite

Meghraj Kothari v. Delimitation Commission (1967): orders of the Delimitation Commission, once published, cannot be questioned in court (Article 329(a)).
Kishorchandra Chhanganlal Rathod v. Union of India (2024): a court may still examine a delimitation order that is manifestly arbitrary.
R.C. Poudyal v. Union of India (1993): exact equality of population between constituencies is not required; reasonable departures are allowed.

The way forward

Separate the two questions: start women's reservation on the existing seats, and settle seat allocation with time.
If the House is enlarged, protect each State's present share.
Give States a stronger voice in the Rajya Sabha and in fiscal bodies, to balance a population based Lok Sabha.
Build agreement through an all party process, since the amendment needs two thirds in each House.

Prelims facts

Seats among States are frozen on the 1971 Census; boundaries within States were redrawn on the 2001 Census (87th Amendment).
Delimitation Commissions have been set up four times: 1952, 1963, 1973 and 2002.
Articles 330A and 332A: women's reservation in the Lok Sabha and the Assemblies. Article 334A: when it begins.
Women's reservation lasts 15 years from its start, and Parliament may extend it.
The Lok Sabha has 543 elected seats.

Open the lead on its own page

Delimitation is the drawing of constituency boundaries and the allotment of seats, so that each vote carries about the same weight.

What changed

12 Aug 2026LeadDelimitation and women's reservation

Census 2027

Prelims and Mains

LeadCensus 2027: caste returns, and the road to delimitationSeptember 2026

Why in news

The first phase of Census 2027, the listing of houses, closed on 30 September 2026. Through September the population count began in Ladakh and the snow bound areas, the first since 1931 to record caste. The Centre deferred the census in Manipur.

Background

The census is a Union subject, held under the Census Act, 1948 by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, who works under the Home Ministry.
The count due in 2021 was postponed. Census 2027 is the 16th census, the eighth since Independence, and the first in sixteen years.
It is the first digital census: enumerators use a mobile application, and households may fill in their own details online.
It has two phases: houselisting (April to September 2026) and population enumeration (February 2027), with 1 March 2027 as the reference date.

Caste after 95 years

The population schedule has 40 questions. One now records caste for everyone, and not only for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The caste is written as the person states it, not picked from a list.
For it: reservation and welfare rest on figures of 1931; courts ask for current data before quotas are extended.
Against it: open answers will yield lakhs of names that need classifying, and a count may harden caste identity.

Three reference dates

1 October 2026: Ladakh and the snow bound areas of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, counted in September.
5 January 2027: the four States that go to the polls in 2027 (in Uttarakhand, only parts of the State), counted from November.
1 March 2027: the rest of India.

Manipur: a count or a register first

Houselisting in Manipur was deferred "till further declaration".
Groups there want a National Register of Citizens first, since census figures will shape delimitation.

The difference: a census counts every usual resident, citizen or not. A register of citizens decides citizenship, and has been prepared only in Assam.

What rides on the census

Delimitation: the freeze on Lok Sabha seats among States lasts until the first census after 2026.
Women's reservation: begins only after a delimitation based on this census.
Money: the Finance Commission uses population in sharing taxes among States.
Privacy: the schedule also asks for identity and bank details; the Census Act keeps individual returns confidential, and they cannot be used as evidence.