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हिन्दी — Read in HindiDigital public infrastructure and platforms
India's digital public infrastructure, digital money, and the regulation of online selling, gaming, platforms and competition. It serves GS2 answers on e-governance and GS3 answers on the digital economy.
Foundation note: India Stack: the layers of digital public infrastructure
All 5 articles shown; the 1 that changed from 1 to 31 August 2026 are marked.Show only these
Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020
Copy link to Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020Prelims and Mains
The Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020 govern how a platform may sell to an Indian consumer.
- The Central Consumer Protection Authority issued guidelines on dark patterns in 2023, and the Authority has penalised firms under them.
- The 2023 guidelines list 13 dark patterns as unfair trade practices, among them false urgency, basket sneaking, confirm shaming, subscription traps and drip pricing.
Design
- Comply with the 2023 dark patterns guidelines
- Yearly self audit and certificate of compliance
Search
- No manipulation to mislead
- Clearly disclose sponsored listings
Prices
- Show the reduced and the prior price
- Prior price is the lowest in the previous 30 days
- No bundled fees for unrelated services
Imports and grievances
- Disclose importer and country of origin
- Join the National Consumer Helpline convergence process
What changed
10 Sep 2026
- An amendment notified on 10 September 2026 requires a platform to certify its own interface from 1 January 2027.
- Before the amendment a platform answered for its interface only when somebody caught it.
Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme
Copy link to Digital India Land Records Modernisation ProgrammePrelims and Mains
The Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP) is a Central Sector Scheme to modernise land records, so that the record of who owns which piece of land can be read, mapped and registered.
The problem and the scheme
- The record of who owns which piece of land is the government's own rule book, and the textual record of ownership and the survey map often disagree with each other.
- It began in 2008 as the National Land Records Modernisation Programme, merging two Centrally Sponsored Schemes.
- In 2016 it was revamped as the Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP), a Central Sector Scheme funded entirely by the Union.
DILRMP 3.0
- DILRMP 3.0 builds a GIS enabled Land Stack tying cadastral maps to Records of Rights, registrations and court cases.
- State Land Stacks federate into a National Land Stack, with the data staying with the States.
- Every parcel gets a Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN), a 14 digit identity also called the Universal Bhu-Aadhaar.
- Registration is to be done at Registration Seva Kendras, modelled on Passport Seva Kendras.
- NAKSHA, the National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations, is the pilot for urban land records and issues Urban Property Cards.
What changed
10 Sep 2026
- The Union Minister launched the operational guidelines for DILRMP 3.0, for the digital overhaul of land records for 2026 to 2031.
PIB, 10 Sep 2026: Union Minister Shri Shivraj Singh Chouhan Launches Operational Guidelines for DILRMP 3.0 (opens in a new tab) · PIB, 9 Sep 2026: Department of Land Resources to Launch Operational Guidelines for DILRMP 3.0; Set to Announce ₹565.50 Crore Digital Overhaul of Land Records (opens in a new tab)
Safe harbour and the Meta takedown
Copy link to Safe harbour and the Meta takedownPrelims and Mains
Safe harbour is the protection that Section 79 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 gives a platform from liability for what its users post.
- In Shreya Singhal the Supreme Court held that a platform need remove content only on a court order or a government notification tied to Article 19(2).
- Blocking orders under Section 69A are confidential.
What changed
10 Aug 2026Newnewly added
- A video posted by the Prime Minister became inaccessible on Facebook for some hours on 28 July with a notice citing a legal request, and was restored as an operational error.
- A parliamentary committee demanded an apology and spoke of withdrawing safe harbour, which only Parliament can do by amending the law.
Mains: safe harbour fits hosting but not paid advertising, where the platform picks the audience and earns from each view, which is the case for independent audits of algorithms as the European Union requires of very large platforms.
Frontline, 10 Aug 2026 · Frontline, 18 Jul 2026
Digital public infrastructure abroad
Copy link to Digital public infrastructure abroadMains
India offers its digital public infrastructure, such as DigiLocker and the payments and identity stack, to other countries through digital cooperation agreements.
What changed
29 Jul 2026BriefIndia has signed digital cooperation agreements with 24 countries. Kenya has concluded an implementation agreement for DigiLocker, and a Social Impact Fund will pay for pilots in low and middle income countries. PIB, 29 Jul 2026: India Strengthens Global Digital Cooperation through Digital Public Infrastructure Partnerships with 24 Countries (opens in a new tab)
ABDM's service layer: UHI, the Drug Registry and Aarogya Setu 2.0
Copy link to ABDM's service layer: UHI, the Drug Registry and Aarogya Setu 2.0Prelims and Mains
The Unified Health Interface (UHI) of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) is an open network with common protocols, so that a patient and a provider need not be on the same app to interact.
- A request from any UHI enabled app goes through the ABDM Gateway, run by the National Health Authority (NHA), to registered providers, and discovery, booking and fulfilment use one common language.
- It uses the Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) to identify patients, the Healthcare Professionals and Health Facility Registries to verify providers, and the Health Information Exchange for consent based data sharing.
- Its four principles are interoperability, fair discoverability, verification and open protocols.
- The Drug Registry becomes ABDM's fourth core registry, using codes from the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms so the same medicine is not entered under different names across systems.
- Full hospital management systems are too costly for small clinics, which slows ABDM adoption.
ABDM's four registries
| Registry | What it identifies |
|---|---|
| Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) | Individuals |
| Healthcare Professional Registry | Doctors and other health professionals |
| Health Facility Registry | Hospitals, clinics and other facilities |
| Drug Registry | Medicines, by brand, generic, substance and manufacturer |
What changed
29 Jun 2026New
- UHI went live with blood bank discovery, PM-JAY hospital search, Jan Aushadhi Kendra discovery, ambulance booking and doctor consultations.
- Aarogya Setu passed to the National Health Authority and relaunched as a Personal Health Record app.
Mains: Open protocols end platform lock in and give small and rural providers equal visibility.
PIB, 29 Jun 2026: Union Health Minister Shri Jagat Prakash Nadda Launches Unified Health Interface – The Interoperable Network for Digital Health Services (opens in a new tab) · PIB, 29 Jun 2026: Union Health Minister Shri Jagat Prakash Nadda Launches Drug Registry to standardize medicine-related information across the healthcare ecosystem (opens in a new tab) · PIB, 29 Jun 2026: Union Health Minister Shri Jagat Prakash Nadda Launches Aarogya Setu 2.0: The National Health App for Every Citizen (opens in a new tab) · PIB, 29 Jun 2026: Union Health Minister Shri Jagat Prakash Nadda Launches eSushrut@clinic – light ABDM enabled HMIS made by C-DAC for small clinics (opens in a new tab) · The Hindu, 27 Jun 2026: Govt. to launch affordable digital health management system for small clinics across India (opens in a new tab)
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