Environment and Disaster Management › Climate science
हिन्दी — Read in HindiExtreme weather, monsoon and forecasting
Weather and its extremes, the monsoon and the ocean patterns that drive it, heatwaves, cyclones, cloudbursts and lightning, and the forecasts and radars that meet them. Prelims has asked about the Finance Commission's recommendations on disaster funding.
Foundation note: Disasters: the notified calamities and the warning chain
Showing 2 of 6 articles, those that changed from 1 to 31 July 2026.Show all
Mission Mausam
Copy link to Mission MausamPrelims and Mains
Mission Mausam is the Ministry of Earth Sciences programme, launched in 2024, to widen India's observing network, sharpen its models and take up weather modification research.
- Phase one built most of the network the country now warns from.
- A second phase runs from 2026 to 2031 through six verticals, of which weather modification is one.
- Its targets are set for 2030: forecasts 10 to 15 per cent more accurate, and hazard forecasts on a 5 km grid reaching every household.
- The Bharat Forecast System is the model at its centre.
The Doppler radar and the hills
- A Doppler weather radar sends out a microwave pulse and reads the echo from raindrops, snow and hail, which tells it where precipitation is and how heavy.
- The Doppler shift in that echo gives the speed at which the drops move, so the radar reads the wind inside a cloud.
- Scanning every few minutes, it follows a storm as it builds, which is what turns a forecast into a warning.
- In the hills a ridge blocks the beam and the valley behind goes unwatched, while a radar placed high enough to see over ridges passes above the low cloud dropping the rain.
- A cloudburst builds and empties within the hour, so a gap in cover is a warning that never comes.
What changed
22 Jul 2026
- The Bharat Forecast System now runs operationally at a horizontal resolution of 6 km, against about 12 km for the older global model.
- It issues forecasts for a cluster of panchayats rather than a district.
- Warnings travel as Common Alerting Protocol alerts through the SACHET app.
PIB, 22 Jul 2026: PARLIAMENT QUESTION: BHARAT FORECAST SYSTEM (opens in a new tab) · PIB, 22 Jul 2026: PARLIAMENT QUESTION: IMPLEMENTATION OF MISSION MAUSAM (opens in a new tab) · PIB, 23 Jul 2026: PARLIAMENT QUESTION: IMPLEMENTATION OF MISSION MAUSAM (opens in a new tab)
Show history (1 other update)
5 Jun 2026BriefIMD's seventh Regional Meteorological Centre opened at Jammu for Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh, and Lucknow followed for Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Doppler radars rose from 17 in 2014 to 50, with about 100 planned within two years. PIB, 5 Jun 2026: Dr. Jitendra Singh Launches India's Seventh Regional Meteorological Centre in Jammu (opens in a new tab) · PIB, 8 Jun 2026: UP CM Yogi Adityanath and Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh jointly Launch New Regional Meteorological Centre at Lucknow (opens in a new tab)
Background reading: Ministry of Earth Sciences, 5 Aug 2026: Mission Mausam: aims, phases and strategy (opens in a new tab)
Monsoon floods of July 2026
Copy link to Monsoon floods of July 2026Prelims and Mains
LeadThe floods of July 2026: cloudbursts, embankments and warningJuly 2026
Why in news
Assam's eastern districts saw what the State called its worst floods in 60 years in July 2026, after a cloudburst in Nagaland. In the same month floods struck Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat and Odisha, each from a different cause.
Background
- A flood is not one hazard. A river flood builds over days; a flash flood arrives within hours of intense rain; an urban flood comes when drains cannot carry the water.
- A cloudburst is very heavy rain over a small area in a short time, common where moist air is forced up steep slopes.
- An embankment is a raised bank built along a river to hold it in its channel. It protects the land behind it only as long as the river keeps its course.
- The Brahmaputra carries a heavy load of silt, and it shifts its channels once it leaves the hills and enters the flat Assam valley.
Four floods, four causes
- Assam: a cloudburst in Nagaland's Mon district sent water down into Sivasagar, Charaideo, Jorhat and Golaghat, districts that rarely flood on this scale. It spilled over the embankments and ran across open country.
- Jammu and Kashmir: cloudbursts flooded Pahalgam, where hotels were criticised for standing on flood channels.
- Gujarat: a low pressure system from the Bay of Bengal met a western disturbance; the heavy spell flooded Navsari and Valsad in the south and closed highways in the Ahmedabad industrial belt.
- Odisha: a deep depression arrived at the end of a month that had already brought about twice the normal rain.
Why embankments were not enough
- The Assam flood did not come along the river's usual flood plain, so the embankments were in the wrong place.
- An embankment also raises the river bed over time, as silt settles inside it, and a breach then does more damage.
- Flood plain zoning, which regulates what may be built on land that floods, limits damage through land use and not through walls.
Warning: the landslide lesson
- About 13 per cent of India's land is prone to landslides.
- A fortnight before the Wayanad disaster of 2024, landslides in the Munnar hills caused no deaths, because the district evacuated people on the advice of a team testing a warning system.
- Such systems exist only as scattered pilots, not as a national network tied to an evacuation plan.
- The Bharat Forecast System now gives forecasts for a cluster of panchayats, which makes local warning possible.
The way forward
- Adopt flood plain zoning in State law, which most States have not done.
- Treat the river as a basin, across State lines, since Assam's flood began in Nagaland.
- Build warning into a national network with a fixed evacuation protocol, for landslides as for floods.
- Keep construction off flood channels and unstable slopes in hill towns.
Prelims facts
- Mon is a district of Nagaland; the flood it caused was in Upper Assam.
- About 13 per cent of India's land is prone to landslides.
- A deep depression ranks between a depression and a cyclonic storm.
- Flood control is largely a State subject.
This subject holds the floods of July 2026 in Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat and Odisha, each set off by a different mechanism: a cloudburst upstream, cloudbursts in a valley, a heavy local spell and a deep depression.
What changed
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