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Space policy, private sector and governance

How space is governed and opened to private firms: space policy and its bodies, startups and the space economy, international cooperation and treaties, and debris and traffic in orbit. Prelims has asked about the part private entities play in India's space programme.

International cooperation

Weaponisation of outer space

Prelims and Mains

LeadWeapons in orbit and the gaps in space lawSeptember 2026

Why in news

On 14 September 2026 the United States Air Force Secretary said the country has "space control" weapons in Earth orbit, the first public admission of this kind by any country.

1967the Outer Space Treaty enters into force
4countries that have demonstrated an anti satellite test
over 70signatories of the Artemis Accords, India among them
November 2026third substantive session of the UN process on an arms race in outer space

Background

Military use of space takes four forms: weapons fired from Earth at satellites, weapons in space aimed at Earth, weapons in space aimed at other objects in space, and non kinetic means such as jamming.

The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 is the basic law of space, and it bars nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction in orbit.
The United States, Russia, China and India have each demonstrated an anti satellite test.

What was said and what was not

The weapons are described as defence against "hostile adversary action", but their type, number, orbit and rules of engagement were not disclosed.
Russia and China objected and called for space to be kept free of weapons.

What the law covers

Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty bars stationing nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction in orbit; it does not bar conventional weapons.
Article III applies international law to space, and Article IX requires "due regard" for the interests of other States.
The Artemis Accords are voluntary and do not bar weapons.

What has failed

A China and Russia proposal of about 2008 for a treaty against placing weapons in outer space never came about.
Talks at the Conference on Disarmament on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) have produced no treaty.
The treaty and the Liability Convention are too coarse for satellites that are autonomous and dual use.
The BRICS New Delhi Declaration recorded progress on a BRICS Space Council and backed preventing an arms race in outer space.

Space weapons and what the law says

Kind	Example	Outer Space Treaty
Earth to space	a missile against a satellite	silent
Space to space, conventional	a satellite that disables another	silent
Space to Earth, conventional		silent
Nuclear or other weapon of mass destruction in orbit		barred
Non kinetic	jamming, spoofing, hacking a ground station	silent

Only one kind of weapon in orbit is clearly banned.Source: The Indian Express, 16 September 2026, and The Hindu, 20 September 2026

The way forward

One argument is that India should use the Council to shape norms on proximity operations, so that defensive measures are read as lawful self defence.
Another is for multilateral thresholds of action, agreed through the UN's open ended working group.

Prelims facts

Space control: military activity to protect one's own freedom of action in space while limiting an adversary's.
Kinetic means physically damage a satellite; non kinetic means jam, spoof or blind it.
The Outer Space Treaty bans weapons of mass destruction in orbit, not all weapons.
The Artemis Accords are not a treaty; they are voluntary principles.

Open the lead on its own page

Weapons in space are of four kinds, and international law bars only one of them clearly.

The four kinds: weapons fired from Earth at satellites, weapons in space aimed at Earth, weapons in space aimed at other objects in space, and non kinetic means such as jamming, spoofing or hacking a ground station.
The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 bars nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction in orbit, and bars military bases and weapon tests on celestial bodies.
It is silent on conventional weapons.
The United States, Russia, China and India have each demonstrated an anti satellite test.

What changed

20 Sep 2026LeadWeapons in orbit and the gaps in space law

Artemis Accords: A United States led, non-binding set of principles for the peaceful and transparent exploration and use of the Moon and other celestial bodies, including rules on resource extraction.

Moon Agreement: The 1979 United Nations treaty declaring the Moon and its resources the common heritage of mankind. Few spacefaring nations have ratified it.

Space debris: Dead satellites, spent rocket stages and fragments from break ups and collisions, left in orbit at orbital speed, so that even a small piece can destroy a working spacecraft.

Low earth orbit: The band of orbits roughly 160 to 2,000 km above the Earth, where most satellites and the crewed space stations fly.

Planned re entry: Bringing a spacecraft or rocket stage back into the atmosphere deliberately, at a chosen time and over a chosen place, rather than letting it fall where it will.

IN-SPACe: Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre, the single window nodal agency under the Department of Space, set up in 2020 to authorise and promote private space activity.

NSIL: NewSpace India Limited, a public sector undertaking under the Department of Space and ISRO's commercial arm.

Non-governmental entities: The policy's term for private companies, startups and academia allowed to take part in space activities end to end.

Technology transfer: Handing a mature design and its manufacturing expertise to industry, with the developer supporting the company for a fixed period.

Earth observation constellation: A group of imaging satellites flown and operated together, so that a place on the ground is photographed far more often than a single satellite could manage.

hyperspectral: Imaging in hundreds of narrow wavelength bands rather than a few broad ones, which lets a satellite tell materials apart instead of only seeing shapes.

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