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Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024
Copy link to Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024Prelims and Mains
LeadThe paper leak law made stricter: the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Amendment Act, 2026July 2026
Why in news
After protests over irregularities in the medical entrance test of 2026, Parliament passed an amendment that raises the punishment for paper leaks and sets deadlines for investigation and trial. The Lok Sabha passed it on 29 July and the Rajya Sabha on 30 July 2026, and it is now an Act.
Background
- The Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 was the first central law against cheating in recruitment and entrance examinations.
- It covers examinations held by the Union Public Service Commission, the Staff Selection Commission, the Railway Recruitment Boards, the banking personnel institute and the National Testing Agency.
- Its offences are cognisable, non bailable and non compoundable.
- The 2026 controversy showed that slow investigation, and not the size of the penalty, had blunted the law: an accused in an earlier case got default bail because the chargesheet was not filed in time.
What the amendment changes
- Individuals: imprisonment rises to five to ten years.
- Organised leaks: seven to ten years, and a fine of not less than ₹10 crore.
- Service providers, the firms that run centres and software: a higher fine and debarment for eight years.
- Speed: investigation within two months; every State and Union Territory must name a Court of Session as a Special Fast Track Court, which must finish the trial within three months of the chargesheet.
The analysis
- Deterrence: a leak gang earns large sums from one paper, so the penalty must exceed the gain.
- Accountability down the chain: examinations are outsourced, and the law now reaches the contractor.
- Speed as a right: a speedy trial is part of Article 21, and it serves the candidate and the accused alike.
- The federal problem: police and the lower courts are run by the States, so a central law that requires special courts works only if States staff them.
- Punishment comes after the damage: the leak has already cost lakhs of candidates a year.
Cases to cite
- Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979): speedy trial is part of the right to life under Article 21.
- Vanshika Yadav v. Union of India (2024): the Court declined to cancel the medical entrance test without proof of a systemic breach, and asked for reform of the testing agency.
The way forward
- Make the National Testing Agency a statutory body, answerable to Parliament; it is a registered society today.
- Design examinations to be leak proof: secure digital delivery and fewer hands on the paper.
- Give the special courts judges and prosecutors, or the three month deadline will not be met.
- Reduce the stakes of a single test, which is what makes a leak so profitable.
Prelims facts
- The parent law is of 2024; the amendment is of 2026.
- Offences are cognisable, non bailable and non compoundable.
- Investigation in two months; trial in three months from the chargesheet.
- Organised leaks: a fine of not less than ₹10 crore.
The Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 was the first central law against cheating in recruitment and entrance examinations.
What changed
The right to information and the data protection law
Copy link to The right to information and the data protection lawPrelims
The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 lets a citizen obtain information held by a public authority, subject to the exemptions in Section 8.
What changed
17 Aug 2026Briefnewly addedOn 7 August a bench led by the Chief Justice of India heard the challenge to Section 44(3) of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, which amends Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act on personal information. On 17 August the Central Information Commission launched AppCoMS 2.0 for second appeals; the Act sets it no deadline to decide them. Supreme Court Observer, 7 Aug 2026: Constitutionality of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (opens in a new tab) · Devdiscourse, 17 Aug 2026: CIC launches AppCoMS 2.0 to simplify RTI appeals and complaints (opens in a new tab)