Theoretical

2017 · Q110 marks150 words

Conflict of interest in the public sector arises when (a) official duties, (b) public interest, and (c) personal interest are taking priority one above the other. How can this conflict in administration be resolved? Describe with an example.

2017 · Q210 marks150 words

Examine the relevance of the following in the context of civil service: (a) Transparency (b) Accountability (c) Fairness and justice (d) Courage of conviction (e) Spirit of service

2017 · Q310 marks150 words

Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to motivate them to come forward.

2017 · Q4 (a)10 marks150 words

One of the tests of integrity is complete refusal to be compromised. Explain with reference to a real life example.

2017 · Q4 (b)10 marks150 words

Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Analyse.

2017 · Q5 (a)10 marks150 words

"Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the principles which direct them." — Napoleon Bonaparte. Stating examples mention the rulers (i) who have harmed society and country, (ii) who worked for the development of society and country.

2017 · Q5 (b)10 marks150 words

"If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the teacher." — A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Analyse.

2017 · Q6 (a)10 marks150 words

How will you apply emotional intelligence in administrative practices?

2017 · Q6 (b)10 marks150 words

Strength, peace and security are considered to be the pillars of international relations. Elucidate.

2017 · Q7 (a)10 marks150 words

The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow perception of the good life. Discuss.

2017 · Q7 (b)10 marks150 words

Increased national wealth did not result in equitable distribution of its benefits. It has created only some "enclaves of modernity and prosperity for a small minority at the cost of the majority." Justify.

2017 · Q8 (a)10 marks150 words

Discipline generally implies following the order and subordination. However, it may be counter-productive for the organisation. Discuss.

2017 · Q8 (b)10 marks150 words

Without commonly shared and widely entrenched moral values and obligations, neither the law, nor democratic government, nor even the market economy will function properly. What do you understand by this statement? Explain with illustration in the contemporary times.

2018 · Q1 (a)10 marks150 words

State the three basic values, universal in nature, in the context of civil services and bring out their importance.

2018 · Q1 (b)10 marks150 words

Distinguish between "Code of ethics" and "Code of conduct" with suitable examples.

2018 · Q2 (a)10 marks150 words

What is meant by public interest? What are the principles and procedures to be followed by the civil servants in public interest?

2018 · Q2 (b)10 marks150 words

"The Right to Information Act is not all about citizens' empowerment alone, it essentially redefines the concept of accountability." Discuss.

2018 · Q3 (a)10 marks150 words

What is meant by conflict of interest? Illustrate with examples, the difference between the actual and potential conflicts of interest.

2018 · Q3 (b)10 marks150 words

"In looking for people to hire, you look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence and energy. And if they do not have the first, the other two will kill you." — Warren Buffett. What do you understand by this statement in the present-day scenario? Explain.

2018 · Q4 (a)10 marks150 words

"In doing a good thing, everything is permitted which is not prohibited expressly or by clear implication." Examine the statement with suitable examples in the context of a public servant discharging his/her duties.

2018 · Q4 (b)10 marks150 words

With regard to morality of actions, one view is that means are of paramount importance and the other view is that the ends justify the means. Which view do you think is more appropriate? Justify your answer.

2018 · Q5 (a)10 marks150 words

Suppose the Government of India is thinking of constructing a dam in a mountain valley bound by forests and inhabited by ethnic communities. What rational policy should it resort to in dealing with unforeseen contingencies?

2018 · Q5 (b)10 marks150 words

Explain the process of resolving ethical dilemmas in Public Administration.

2018 · Q6 (a)10 marks150 words

What do each of the following quotations mean to you in the present context? "The true rule, in determining to embrace, or reject any thing, is not whether it has any evil in it; but whether it has more evil than good. There are few things wholly evil or wholly good. Almost every thing, especially of governmental policy, is an inseparable compound of the two; so that our best judgment of the preponderance between them is continually demanded." — Abraham Lincoln

2018 · Q6 (b)10 marks150 words

What do each of the following quotations mean to you in the present context? "Anger and intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding." — Mahatma Gandhi

2018 · Q6 (c)10 marks150 words

What do each of the following quotations mean to you in the present context? "Falsehood takes the place of truth when it results in unblemished common good." — Tirukkural

2019 · Q1 (a)10 marks150 words

What are the basic principles of public life? Illustrate any three of these with suitable examples.

2019 · Q1 (b)10 marks150 words

What do you understand by the term 'public servant'? Reflect on the expected role of public servant.

2019 · Q2 (a)10 marks150 words

Effective utilization of public funds is crucial to meet development goals. Critically examine the reasons for under-utilization and mis-utilization of public funds and their implications.

2019 · Q2 (b)10 marks150 words

"Non-performance of duty by a public servant is a form of corruption". Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer.

2019 · Q3 (a)10 marks150 words

What is meant by the term 'constitutional morality'? How does one uphold constitutional morality?

2019 · Q3 (b)10 marks150 words

What is meant by 'crisis of conscience'? How does it manifest itself in the public domain?

2019 · Q4 (a)10 marks150 words

Explain the basic principles of citizens charter movement and bring out its importance.

2019 · Q4 (b)10 marks150 words

There is a view that the Official Secrets Act is an obstacle to the implementation of Right to Information Act. Do you agree with the view? Discuss.

2019 · Q5 (a)10 marks150 words

What do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in government.

2019 · Q5 (b)10 marks150 words

"Emotional Intelligence is the ability to make your emotions work for you instead of against you". Do you agree with this view? Discuss.

2019 · Q6 (a)10 marks150 words

What do each of the following quotations mean to you? "An unexamined life is not worth living". — Socrates

2019 · Q6 (b)10 marks150 words

What do each of the following quotations mean to you? "A man is but a product of his thoughts. What he thinks he becomes." — M. K. Gandhi

2019 · Q6 (c)10 marks150 words

What do each of the following quotations mean to you? "Where there is righteousness in the heart, there is beauty in the character. When there is beauty in the character, there is harmony in the home. When there is harmony in the home, there is order in the nation. When there is order in the nation, there is peace in the world." — A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

2020 · Q1 (a)10 marks150 words

Discuss the role of ethics and values in enhancing the following three major components of Comprehensive National Power (CNP) viz. human capital, soft power (culture and policies) and social harmony.

2020 · Q1 (b)10 marks150 words

"Education is not an injunction, it is an effective and pervasive tool for all round development of an individual and social transformation". Examine the New Education Policy, 2020 (NEP, 2020) in light of the above statement.

2020 · Q2 (a)10 marks150 words

"Hatred is destructive of a person's wisdom and conscience that can poison a nation's spirit." Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer.

2020 · Q2 (b)10 marks150 words

What are the main components of emotional intelligence (EI)? Can they be learned? Discuss.

2020 · Q3 (a)10 marks150 words

What teachings of Buddha are most relevant today and why? Discuss.

2020 · Q3 (b)10 marks150 words

"The will to power exists, but it can be tamed and be guided by rationality and principles of moral duty." Examine this statement in the context of international relations.

2020 · Q4 (a)10 marks150 words

Distinguish between laws and rules. Discuss the role of ethics in formulating them.

2020 · Q4 (b)10 marks150 words

A positive attitude is considered to be an essential characteristic of a civil servant who is often required to function under extreme stress. What contributes to a positive attitude in a person?

2020 · Q5 (a)10 marks150 words

What are the main factors responsible for gender inequality in India? Discuss the contribution of Savitribai Phule in this regard.

2020 · Q5 (b)10 marks150 words

"The current internet expansion has instilled a different set of cultural values which are often in conflict with traditional values." Discuss.

2020 · Q6 (a)10 marks150 words

What do each of the following quotations mean to you? "Condemn none: if you can stretch out a helping hand, do so. If not, fold your hands, bless your brothers, and let them go their own way." — Swami Vivekanand

2020 · Q6 (b)10 marks150 words

What do each of the following quotations mean to you? "The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others." — Mahatma Gandhi

2020 · Q6 (c)10 marks150 words

What do each of the following quotations mean to you? "A system of morality which is based on relative emotional values is a mere illusion, a thoroughly vulgar conception which has nothing sound in it and nothing true." — Socrates

2021 · Q1 (a)10 marks150 words

Identify five ethical traits on which one can plot the performance of a civil servant. Justify their inclusion in the matrix.

2021 · Q1 (b)10 marks150 words

Identify ten essential values that are needed to be an effective public servant. Describe the ways and means to prevent non-ethical behaviour in the public servants.

2021 · Q2 (a)10 marks150 words

Impact of digital technology as reliable source of input for rational decision making is a debatable issue. Critically evaluate with suitable example.

2021 · Q2 (b)10 marks150 words

Besides domain knowledge, a public official needs innovativeness and creativity of a high order as well, while resolving ethical dilemmas. Discuss with suitable example.

2021 · Q3 (a)10 marks150 words

What does each of the following quotations mean to you? "Every work has got to pass through hundreds of difficulties before succeeding. Those that persevere will see the light, sooner or later." — Swami Vivekananda

2021 · Q3 (b)10 marks150 words

What does each of the following quotations mean to you? "We can never obtain peace in the outer world until and unless we obtain peace within ourselves." — Dalai Lama

2021 · Q3 (c)10 marks150 words

What does each of the following quotations mean to you? "Life doesn't make any sense without interdependence. We need each other, and the sooner we learn that, it is better for us all." — Erik Erikson

2021 · Q4 (a)10 marks150 words

Attitude is an important component that goes as input in the development of human being. How to build a suitable attitude needed for a public servant?

2021 · Q4 (b)10 marks150 words

In case of crisis of conscience does emotional intelligence help to overcome the same without compromising the ethical or moral stand that you are likely to follow? Critically examine.

2021 · Q5 (a)10 marks150 words

"Refugees should not be turned back to the country where they would face persecution or human right violation." Examine the statement with reference to ethical dimension being violated by the nation claiming to be democratic with open society.

2021 · Q5 (b)10 marks150 words

Should impartial and being non-partisan be considered as indispensable qualities to make a successful civil servant? Discuss with illustrations.

2021 · Q6 (a)10 marks150 words

An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate.

2021 · Q6 (b)10 marks150 words

"Integrity is a value that empowers the human being." Justify with suitable illustration.

2022 · Q1 (a)10 marks150 words

Wisdom lies in knowing what to reckon with and what to overlook. An officer being engrossed with the periphery, ignoring the core issues before him, is not rare in the bureaucracy. Do you agree that such preoccupation of an administrator leads to travesty of justice to the cause of effective service delivery and good governance? Critically evaluate.

2022 · Q1 (b)10 marks150 words

Apart from intellectual competency and moral qualities, empathy and compassion are some of the other vital attributes that facilitate the civil servants to be more competent in tackling the crucial issues or taking critical decisions. Explain with suitable illustrations.

2022 · Q2 (a)10 marks150 words

The Rules and Regulations provided to all the civil servants are same, yet there is difference in the performance. Positive minded officers are able to interpret the Rules and Regulations in favour of the case and achieve success, whereas negative minded officers are unable to achieve goals by interpreting the same Rules and Regulations against the case. Discuss with illustrations.

2022 · Q2 (b)10 marks150 words

It is believed that adherence to ethics in human actions would ensure in smooth functioning of an organization/system. If so, what does ethics seek to promote in human life? How do ethical values assist in the resolution of conflicts faced by him in his day-to-day functioning?

2022 · Q3 (a)10 marks150 words

What does each of the following quotations mean to you? "Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right to do." — Potter Stewart

2022 · Q3 (b)10 marks150 words

What does each of the following quotations mean to you? "If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel that there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are father, mother and teacher." — A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

2022 · Q3 (c)10 marks150 words

What does each of the following quotations mean to you? "Judge your success by what you had to give up in order to get it." — Dalai Lama

2022 · Q4 (a)10 marks150 words

What do you understand by the term 'good governance'? How far recent initiatives in terms of e-Governance steps taken by the State have helped the beneficiaries? Discuss with suitable examples.

2022 · Q4 (b)10 marks150 words

Online methodology is being used for day-to-day meetings, institutional approvals in the administration and for teaching and learning in education sector to the extent telemedicine in the health sector is getting popular with the approvals of the competent authority. No doubt, it has advantages and disadvantages for both the beneficiaries and the system at large. Describe and discuss the ethical issues involved in the use of online method particularly to the vulnerable section of the society.

2022 · Q5 (a)10 marks150 words

Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? Illustrate with justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affair.

2022 · Q5 (b)10 marks30 words

Write short notes on the following in 30 words each: (i) Constitutional morality (ii) Conflict of interest (iii) Probity in public life (iv) Challenges of digitalization (v) Devotion to duty

2022 · Q6 (a)10 marks150 words

Whistle-blower, who reports corruption and illegal activities, wrongdoing and misconduct to the concerned authorities, runs the risk of being exposed to grave danger, physical harm and victimization by the vested interests, accused persons and his team. What policy measures would you suggest to strengthen protection mechanism to safeguard the whistle-blower?

2022 · Q6 (b)10 marks150 words

In contemporary world, corporate sector's contribution in generating wealth and employment is increasing. In doing so, they are bringing in unprecedented onslaught on the climate, environmental sustainability and living conditions of human beings. In this background, do you find that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is efficient and sufficient enough to fulfill the social roles and responsibilities needed in the corporate world for which the CSR is mandated? Critically examine.

2023 · Q1 (a)10 marks150 words

What do you understand by 'moral integrity' and 'professional efficiency' in the context of corporate governance in India? Illustrate with suitable examples.

2023 · Q1 (b)10 marks150 words

'International aid' is an accepted form of helping 'resource-challenged' nations. Comment on 'ethics in contemporary international aid'. Support your answer with suitable examples.

2023 · Q2 (a)10 marks150 words

"Corruption is the manifestation of the failure of core values in the society." In your opinion, what measures can be adopted to uplift the core values in the society?

2023 · Q2 (b)10 marks150 words

In the context of work environment, differentiate between 'coercion' and 'undue influence' with suitable examples.

2023 · Q3 (a)10 marks150 words

Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? "The simplest acts of kindness are by far more powerful than a thousand heads bowing in prayer." — Mahatma Gandhi

2023 · Q3 (b)10 marks150 words

Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? "To awaken the people, it is the women who must be awakened. Once she is on the move, the family moves, the village moves, the nation moves." — Jawaharlal Nehru

2023 · Q3 (c)10 marks150 words

Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? "Do not hate anybody, because that hatred that comes out from you must, in the long run, come back to you. If you love, that love will come back to you, completing the circle." — Swami Vivekananda

2023 · Q4 (a)10 marks150 words

"What really matters for success, character, happiness and lifelong achievements is a definite set of emotional skills — your EQ — not just purely cognitive abilities that are measured by conventional IQ tests." Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.

2023 · Q4 (b)10 marks150 words

Differentiate 'moral intuition' from 'moral reasoning' with suitable examples.

2023 · Q5 (a)10 marks150 words

Is conscience a more reliable guide when compared to laws, rules and regulations in the context of ethical decision-making? Discuss.

2023 · Q5 (b)10 marks150 words

'Probity is essential for an effective system of governance and socio-economic development.' Discuss.

2023 · Q6 (a)10 marks150 words

What were the major teachings of Guru Nanak? Explain their relevance in the contemporary world.

2023 · Q6 (b)10 marks150 words

Explain the term social capital. How does it enhance good governance?

2024 · Q1 (a)10 marks150 words

The application of Artificial Intelligence as a dependable source of input for administrative rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically examine the statement from the ethical point of view.

2024 · Q1 (b)10 marks150 words

"Ethics encompasses several key dimensions that are crucial in guiding individuals and organizations towards morally responsible behaviour." Explain the key dimensions of ethics that influence human actions. Discuss how these dimensions shape ethical decision-making in the professional context.

2024 · Q2 (a)10 marks150 words

"It is not enough to talk about peace, one must believe in it; and it is not enough to believe in it, one must act upon it." In the present context, the major weapon industries of the developed nations are adversely influencing continuation of number of wars for their own self-interest, all around the world. What are the ethical considerations of the powerful nations in today's international arena to stop continuation of ongoing conflicts?

2024 · Q2 (b)10 marks150 words

Global warming and climate change are the outcomes of human greed in the name of development, indicating the direction in which extinction of organisms including human beings is heading towards loss of life on Earth. How do you put an end to this to protect life and bring equilibrium between the society and the environment?

2024 · Q3 (a)10 marks150 words

Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? "Learn everything that is good from others, but bring it in, and in your own way absorb it, do not become others." — Swami Vivekananda

2024 · Q3 (b)10 marks150 words

Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? "Faith is of no avail in the absence of strength. Faith and strength, both are essential to accomplish any great work." — Sardar Patel

2024 · Q3 (c)10 marks150 words

Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? "In law, a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics, he is guilty if he only thinks of doing so." — Immanuel Kant

2024 · Q4 (a)10 marks150 words

"The concept of Just and Unjust is contextual. What was just a year back, may turn out to be unjust in today's context. Changing context should be constantly under scrutiny to prevent miscarriage of justice." Examine the above statement with suitable examples.

2024 · Q4 (b)10 marks150 words

"Mindless addiction to Form, ignoring the Substance of the matter, results in rendering of injustice. A perceptive civil servant is one who ignores such literalness and carries out true intent." Examine the above statement with suitable illustrations.

2024 · Q5 (a)10 marks150 words

The 'Code of Conduct' and 'Code of Ethics' are the sources of guidance in public administration. There is code of conduct already in operation, whereas code of ethics is not yet put in place. Suggest a suitable model for code of ethics to maintain integrity, probity and transparency in governance.

2024 · Q5 (b)10 marks150 words

The soul of the new law, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) is Justice, Equality and Impartiality based on Indian culture and ethos. Discuss this in the light of major shift from a doctrine of punishment to justice in the present judicial system.

2024 · Q6 (a)10 marks150 words

"In Indian culture and value system, an equal opportunity has been provided irrespective of gender identity. The number of women in public service has been steadily increasing over the years." Examine the gender-specific challenges faced by female public servants and suggest suitable measures to increase their efficiency in discharging their duties and maintaining high standards of probity.

2024 · Q6 (b)10 marks150 words

Mission Karmayogi is aiming for maintaining a very high standard of conduct and behaviour to ensure efficiency for serving citizens and in turn developing oneself. How will this scheme empower the civil servants in enhancing productive efficiency and delivering the services at the grassroots level?

2025 · Q1 (a)10 marks150 words

In the present digital age, social media has revolutionised our way of communication and interaction. However, it has raised several ethical issues and challenges. Describe the key ethical dilemmas in this regard.

2025 · Q1 (b)10 marks150 words

"Constitutional morality is not a natural sentiment but a product of civil education and adherance of the rule of law." Examine the significance of constitutional morality for public servant highlighting the role in promoting good governance and ensuring accountability in public administration.

2025 · Q2 (a)10 marks150 words

Carl von Clausewitz once said, "War is a diplomacy by other means." Critically analyse the above statement in the present context of contemporary geo-political conflict.

2025 · Q2 (b)10 marks150 words

Keeping the national security in mind, examine the ethical dilemmas related to controversies over environmental clearance of development projects in ecologically sensitive border areas in the country.

2025 · Q3 (a)10 marks150 words

Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? "Those who in trouble untroubled are, Will trouble trouble itself." — Thiruvalluvar

2025 · Q3 (b)10 marks150 words

Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? "The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitudes." — William James

2025 · Q3 (c)10 marks150 words

Given below are three quotations of great thinkers. What do each of these quotations convey to you in the present context? "The strength of a society is not in its laws, but in the morality of its people." — Swami Vivekananda

2025 · Q4 (a)10 marks150 words

"For any kind of social re-engineering by successfully implementing welfare schemes, a civil servant must use reason and critical thinking in an ethical framework." Justify this statement with suitable examples.

2025 · Q4 (b)10 marks150 words

What are the major teachings of Mahavir? Explain their relevance in the contemporary world.

2025 · Q5 (a)10 marks150 words

"One who is devoted to one's duty attains highest perfection in life." Analyse this statement with reference to sense of responsibility and personal fulfilment as a civil servant.

2025 · Q5 (b)10 marks150 words

To achieve holistic development goal, a civil servant acts as an enabler and active facilitator of growth rather than a regulator. What specific measures will you suggest to achieve this goal?

2025 · Q6 (a)10 marks150 words

It is said that for an ethical work culture, there must be code of ethics in place in every organisation. To ensure value-based and compliance-based work culture, what suitable measures would you adopt in your work place?

2025 · Q6 (b)10 marks150 words

India is an emerging economic power of the world as it has recently secured the status of fourth largest economy of the world as per IMF projection. However, it has been observed that in some sectors, allocated funds remain either under-utilised or misutilised. What specific measures would you recommend for ensuring accountability in this regard to stop leakages and gaining the status of third largest economy of the world in near future?

2026 · Q1 (a)10 marks150 words

Owing to paucity of time, a university professor generates a Ph.D. evaluation report using Artificial Intelligence and submits it with some modifications. Discuss this from the perspective of accountability and integrity.

2026 · Q1 (b)10 marks150 words

A business house is working on a project that could displace a forest community from their habitat. As the administrative officer of that district, what ethical challenges are you likely to face?

2026 · Q2 (a)10 marks150 words

An endangered tribe has developed a severe skeletal deformity. A university research has identified a mineral supplement as a possible remedy, though clinical trials are yet to be conducted. Should the District Magistrate (DM) use this research on the tribe? Discuss from the perspective of medical and administrative ethics.

2026 · Q2 (b)10 marks150 words

Discuss how national security can be balanced with concerns of human rights.

2026 · Q3 (a)10 marks150 words

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar had cautioned that employing civil disobedience within a constitutional democracy equates to endorsing 'anarchy'. How should modern democracies navigate the ethical dilemmas posed by civil disobedience movements that aim to promote social justice against policies that may raise genuine concerns?

2026 · Q3 (b)10 marks150 words

In what ways can an Indian Administrative Officer apply Gandhi's notion of 'trusteeship' to ensure fairness in governance?

2026 · Q3 (c)10 marks150 words

Shakespeare in Henry IV says, "The arms are fair when the intent of bearing them is just". What ethical implications does this have in governance?

2026 · Q4 (a)10 marks150 words

Citing the serious adverse effects of long-term medication, a doctor convinces the family of a female patient for surgery. This led the patient to reluctantly consent for the surgery, though her original choice was to opt for medication. Explain the concepts of paternalism and beneficence by analysing the doctor's action.

2026 · Q4 (b)10 marks150 words

Efficiency is doing things right, while effectiveness is doing the right thing. How do you strike a balance between the two to enhance productivity?

2026 · Q5 (a)10 marks150 words

Usually schools, working in remote areas, do not fully comply with government regulations. However, if the rules are enforced strictly, it would lead to most schools closing down. How should an administrator strike a balance between enforcement of rules and educational rights of children?

2026 · Q5 (b)10 marks150 words

In international relations, ethical considerations are often subjugated to the strategic interests of nation-states. Discuss this from an ethical perspective.

2026 · Q6 (a)10 marks150 words

On the request of his Personal Assistant (PA), the District Magistrate (DM) stops the transfer of a schoolteacher who takes private tuition for his daughter diagnosed with learning disability. In this context, discuss the aspects of empathy versus compliance with rules.

2026 · Q6 (b)10 marks150 words

Some moral philosophers argue that spending some of your resources—without significantly affecting your financial stability—to help other people who badly suffer is our moral duty and not merely a matter of charity. Justify this claim by explaining the distinction between duty and charity.