Population, Settlement and Urbanisation

• Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Limboo or Limbu, with the Bhutia and the Lepcha, are among the indigenous communities of Sikkim, the Limboo and Tamang having been given Scheduled Tribe status in that State in 2003.
• Pair 2 is wrongly matched. The Karbi are a community of Assam, concentrated in the Karbi Anglong district which is administered under the Sixth Schedule through an autonomous council; they have no connection with Himachal Pradesh, whose tribal communities are the Gaddi, Gujjar, Kinnaura, Lahaula and Pangwala.
• Pair 3 is correctly matched. The Dongaria Kondh are a particularly vulnerable tribal group of the Niyamgiri hills in the Rayagada and Kalahandi districts of Odisha, a sub group of the Kondh and horticulturists of the hill slopes.
• Pair 4 is wrongly matched. The Bonda are also of Odisha, in the Bonda hills of Malkangiri district, and are among the most isolated of the particularly vulnerable tribal groups; the pairing with Tamil Nadu, whose tribal communities are the Toda, Kota, Irula, Kurumba and Kadar, is a straightforward substitution. The official answer (a) follows. The elimination route is Karbi, whose association with Karbi Anglong in Assam is well known, and rejecting pair 2 removes options (b) and (d), after which the question turns on whether the candidate places the Bonda in Odisha rather than the south.

• Statement 1 is incorrect. The Changpa are nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralists of the Changthang plateau in eastern Ladakh, a cold desert lying above four thousand metres and continuous with the Tibetan plateau, and not of Uttarakhand. The Uttarakhand pastoral communities are the Bhotiya, the Van Gujjar and the Gaddi of the adjoining hills.
• Statement 2 is correct. The Changpa rear the Changthangi goat, whose winter undercoat is the pashm that yields pashmina, the fineness of the fibre being a physiological response to extreme cold and high altitude, which is why the same breed does not produce comparable fibre when moved to warmer ground. They also rear yak and the Changthangi sheep.
• Statement 3 is correct. The Changpa are notified as a Scheduled Tribe. The official answer is therefore (b).
• Statement 1 is both the eliminating and the decisive statement, and rejecting it removes (a) and (d) at once; a candidate who then knows the pashmina association, which is the best-known fact about the community, reaches (b) over (c) without needing to verify the Scheduled Tribe listing.

• Statement 1 is incorrect on the country. Bidi Bidi lies in north western Uganda, in Yumbe district near the South Sudanese border, and it became one of the largest refugee settlements in the world after the influx that followed the resumption of civil war in South Sudan in 2016. The statement's placement of it in Kenya is the single error, and the question is constructed so that a candidate who knows only that Bidi Bidi is large and African will be caught by it.
• Statement 2 is correct, and it follows from the same facts: the settlement's population is overwhelmingly South Sudanese, displaced by that civil war.
• Statement 3 is correct. Dadaab, in eastern Kenya near the Somali border, was established in 1991 as Somalia collapsed and has housed Somali refugees ever since, remaining one of the largest such complexes anywhere.
• Statements 2 and 3 holding, (c) is correct.
• Option (a) accepts the misplacement of Bidi Bidi, option (b) drops the sound Dadaab statement, and option (d) drops the sound statement about who lives in Bidi Bidi.

Total fertility rate is the average number of live births a woman would have if she survived through and experienced the prevailing age specific fertility rates across her entire reproductive span, conventionally ages fifteen to forty nine. This is precisely option (d).

• Option (a) defines the crude birth rate, which is expressed per thousand population and not per woman.
• Option (b) is close but wrong on two counts. It refers to a couple rather than a woman and describes actual completed family size rather than the synthetic cohort measure that TFR is, since TFR is computed from current age specific rates rather than observed lifetime outcomes.
• Option (c) defines the rate of natural increase. The replacement level TFR of about 2.1 and India's decline to 2.0 in NFHS-5 rest on definition (d).