Environment and Disaster Management › Species in news
हिन्दी — Read in HindiElephants and other land mammals
Elephants and India's other land mammals as species, from rhinos and wolves to primates, small cats and bats: their status, range and protection, and the counts and corridors they depend on. Prelims has asked about elephant herds, gestation and State populations.
Foundation note: The elephant
Pygmy hog
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The pygmy hog is the world's smallest wild pig, found in the wild only in Assam.
- It is Endangered on the IUCN Red List, and is the only surviving species of the genus Porcula.
- It lives only in dense grassland on alluvial floodplains, so its decline is a sign that the grassland is degrading.
- It was believed extinct until it was rediscovered in 1971, and its last natural population is in Manas National Park.
What changed
17 Sep 2026New
- The Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme, running since 1995, has raised Assam's population 32 fold through captive breeding.
- About 250 now live in the wild.
Mains: captive breeding is only insurance; survival in the wild needs restored, unbroken grassland.
The Hindu, 17 Sep 2026: Hog in the limelight: On Assam’s pygmy hog programme (opens in a new tab)
Rhesus macaque
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The rhesus macaque is the common monkey of north Indian towns, and since 2022 it is no longer protected under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
- It was listed in Schedule II of the Act until the amendment of 2022 removed it.
- With that, responsibility for managing monkeys passed from State forest departments to urban local bodies.
- Compensation for wildlife attacks, which in Himachal Pradesh covers only species under the Act, no longer applies to it.
What changed
20 Sep 2026New
- A woman in Shimla died after a macaque attack.
- Her family may not qualify for the ₹4 lakh that Himachal Pradesh pays for a death caused by a protected animal.
Mains: the case shows the dilemma of treating monkeys as vermin or as protected animals, with feeding by the public and fewer predators driving them out of forests.
Elephant
An elephant count is only the start of the question, because the animal ranges over land no reserve boundary covers; the corridors between forests are where elephants and farmers meet, and where the law is now being asked to keep routes open.
Elephant corridors
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LeadThe elephant in India: numbers, corridors and conflictAugust 2026
Why in news
The Supreme Court on 17 August 2026 ordered a fresh national survey of elephant corridors and held that no State may block a traditional elephant route. Five days earlier, on World Elephant Day, the government set out the result of India's first DNA based count: 22,446 wild elephants.
- 22,446wild elephants in India, by the first DNA based count
- nearly 60 per centof the world's wild Asian elephants that live in India
- 33Elephant Reserves, in 14 States
- 150validated elephant corridors
Background
- The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is Endangered on the IUCN Red List, in Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 and in Appendix I of CITES.
- It is India's National Heritage Animal, declared in 2010.
- Elephants live in herds led by the oldest female, the matriarch, and move over large ranges through the year in search of food and water.
- The elephant is a keystone species: it disperses seeds and opens paths and clearings that other animals use.
- Africa has two species, the savanna elephant and the forest elephant, both more threatened than they were a decade ago.
How India counts and protects elephants
- Project Elephant, launched in 1992, is the centrally sponsored programme for elephants, their habitat and corridors, conflict and captive elephants.
- Since 2023 it has been run together with Project Tiger by a single Project Tiger and Elephant Division of the Environment Ministry.
- An Elephant Reserve is an administrative unit under Project Elephant and is not a category under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, so it carries no legal protection of its own.
- The new count, the Synchronous All India Population Estimation of Elephants, identified individual elephants from the DNA in dung samples, replacing counts by sighting.
Corridors
- An elephant corridor is a strip of habitat that connects two larger elephant habitats.
- The 2023 assessment validated 150 corridors, most of them in the East Central region, and West Bengal has the largest number among States.
- Nineteen cross State lines and six reach into Nepal, so one State cannot settle a route alone.
- Corridors too have no protection in law unless they fall inside a protected area, which is why they are lost to roads, railways, canals and farms.
What the Supreme Court ordered
- The Centre must resurvey the national map of corridors and report in eight weeks on removing obstructions.
- No State may block a traditional route to deal with crop damage, since elephants move across States.
- The Centre must check reports that fireballs, torches and spikes are still used to drive elephants away, which the Court banned in 2018.
Human elephant conflict
- Conflict rises where habitat is broken up and herds are pushed into farms, and it kills both people and elephants.
- Elephants die mainly from electrocution, train hits, poisoning and poaching.
- On World Elephant Day the government released a Regional Action Plan on conflict for the southern States and 30 Giant Steps for elephant conservation.
- Invasive plants such as Lantana camara crowd out fodder inside forests, which is one reason herds leave them; a project in Assam is clearing them and turning the biomass into biochar.
The international side
- CITES Appendix I bars international commercial trade in the Asian elephant and its ivory.
- MIKE, Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants, is the CITES programme that tracks elephant deaths at chosen sites in Africa and Asia.
- World Elephant Day is observed on 12 August.
The way forward
- Give corridors legal protection, by notifying them under the Wild Life (Protection) Act or as ecologically sensitive areas.
- Build crossings on roads, railways and canals that cut through corridors, and plan new lines around them.
- Settle conflict across States, through joint plans for shared herds, since an elephant driven out of one State enters the next.
- Pay compensation quickly for crops and lives, so that farmers do not turn to electric fences and poison.
Prelims facts
- Asian elephant: Endangered, Schedule I, CITES Appendix I, National Heritage Animal.
- Project Elephant began in 1992; there are 33 Elephant Reserves in 14 States.
- The East Central region has the most corridors; West Bengal has the most among States.
- The count of 22,446 is the first made from DNA in dung samples.
- An Elephant Reserve has no legal status under the Wild Life (Protection) Act.
An elephant corridor is a strip of habitat connecting two larger elephant habitats, the part of the range no reserve boundary covers, and it is where the animal and the farmer meet. The 2023 assessment validated 150 corridors; nineteen cross State lines and six reach into Nepal, which is why a single State cannot settle a route on its own. Fireballs, torches and spikes used to drive elephants away were banned in 2018.
East Central52
North East48
Southern32
Northern18
What changed
18 Aug 2026LeadThe elephant in India: numbers, corridors and conflict
Project Elephant
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Project Elephant, launched in 1992 by the Environment Ministry, is the centrally sponsored programme for the elephant: it funds elephant reserves, corridors, conflict management and the welfare of captive elephants, and since 2023 it has been run together with Project Tiger by a single Project Tiger and Elephant Division of the Environment Ministry. Its work has moved from counting elephants to managing conflict, which is where elephants and people now meet most often.